Evaluation of Different Hybrid Distributed Generators in a Microgrid—A Metaheuristic Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13052/dgaej2156-3306.2943Keywords:
DERs, SPS, BMGU, Microgrid, Modified Differential Evolution.Abstract
An economic estimation of an autonomous power delivery system
constituting different types of non-conventional and renewable energy
resources has been performed considering an Indian load demand sce -
nario. The mathematical analysis was done by the application of a modi-
fied differential evolution (MDE). The MDE-evaluated total annual costs
for the autonomous microgrid system utilizing three sets of distributed
energy resources (DERs) have been compared. Solar module and fuel
cells as DERs form the first set of DERs; solar module and bio-mass gas -
ifier unit as DERs is considered as second set; and fuel cell along with
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) constitute the third set of DERs.
Different types of consumers together form the microgrid with optimal
supply of power from DERs. The optimal power generation conditions
have been obtained pertaining to minimum cost of microgrid system.
For the same load demand in microgrid operation, the results, using a
hybrid solar-biomass system are found to be most cost effective. A re-
duction of 6.9 % in the annual cost is obtained using the combination of
solar module and biomass gasifier unit from that obtained using a solar
module fuel cell combination. The corresponding reduction is 10% from
that utilizing only fuel cell.
Downloads
References
R. Lasserter, A. Akhil, C. Marnay, H. Stephens, J. Dagle, R. Guttromson, A.S.
Meliopoulous, R. Yinger, J. Eto, “The CERTS Microgrid Concept,” White paper
for CERTS, 2002.
C.A. Hernandez-Aramburo, T.C. Green, N. Mugniot, “Fuel consumption mini -
mization of a microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Ind Appl , vol. 41(3), pp. 673–681, 2005.
C. Marnay, G. Venkataramanan, M. Stadler, A.S. Siddiqui, R. Firestone, B. Chan -
dran, “Optimal Technology Selection and Operation of Commercial-Building
Microgrids,” IEEE Trans. power systems , vol 23(3), pp 975, 2008.
H. Michiel, H. Petra, I. Bouwmans, “Socio-Technical Complexity in Energy
Infrastructures Conceptual Framework to Study the Impact of Domestic Level
Energy Generation, Storage and Exchange,” in Proc. 2006 IEEE Systems Man, and
Cybernetics Int Conf., pp. 8 -11.
Distributed Generation in Liberalized Energy Markets, IEA , http://iea.org/
textbase/nppdf/free/2000/distributed2002.pdf
M. Maribua, K. Firestone, M. Ryan, C. Marnay, A.S. Siddiquica, “Distributed
energy resources market diffusion model,” Elsevier Energy Policy, pp 4471-4484.
W.D. Patterson, J. W. Whitham, The Virtual Power Plant, Standard & Poor’s Utili -
ties & Perspectives Special Technology, McGraw-Hill Co, 1998.
S. Watson, R. Fredericksen, T. Lorencz, “ Chicago Power Park Project, Monthly
Status Report,” 2001. http://www.nemw.org
F. Marin, A.B. Rey, A. Guerrero, A.F. de. Ruz, “A future microgrid implementa -
tion based on renewable distributed resources for a clean green energy produc-
tion,” in Proc. 2002 IEEE PES Winter Meeting, CERTS Int Conf., pp. 305-308.
C. Marnay, F. Robio, A. Siddiqui, “Fuel Consumption Minimization of Mi -
crogrid,” in Proc. 2001 IEEE PES Winter Meeting, pp. 150-153.
A.P.S. Meliopoulos, “Challenges in simulation and design of grids,” in Proc.
IEEE PES Winter Meeting , pp. 309–314.
Y. Zoka, A. Sugimoto, N. Yorino, K. Kawahara, J. Kubokawa, “An economic
evaluation for an autonomous independent network of distributed energy re-
sources,” Int Journal of Electric Power System Research, vol 77(7), pp 831-838, 2007
V. Miranda, D. Srinivasan, L.M. Proenca, “Evolutionary Computation in power
system,” International Journal of Electric power & Energy System , vol 20(2), pp 89-
, February 1998.
I.A. Farhat, M.E. El-Hawary, “Optimization methods applied for solving the
short-term hydrothermal co–ordination problem,” Int Journal of Electric Power
System Research, vol 79(9), September 2009.
K.K. Mandal, M. Basu, N. Chakraborty, “Particle swarm optimization-based
fuzzy satisfying method for economic environmental dispatch of hydrothermal
power systems,” International Journal of Automation and Control, vol (3)pp 216-
, 2009.
L. Chen-Ching, T. Dillon, “State of the art of expert system application to
power systems,” International Journal of Electric power & Energy system , vol 14(2-
,pp 95-96, April-June 1992.
M.R. AlRashidi, M.E. El-Hawary, “Application of computational intelligence
techniques for solving the revived optimal power flow problem,” Electric Power
System Research, vol 79(4), pp 694-702, April 2009.
Price, K.V.: An introduction to differential evolution , New Ideas in Optimization,
McGraw-Hill, 1999
Mezura-Montes, E. Velazquez-Reyes, J. Coello Coello, C.A.: Modified Differential
Evolution of Constrained Optimization , IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computa -
tion Sheraton, July 2006
“Fuel Cells for Distributed generations,” Tech Report. Marketing Summary:
Energy Center of Wisconsin, March 2000.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fuel_cell
I. Staffel, “Performance Review of Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell,” (2007).
Availablefrom:http://www.formeng.bham.ac.uk/fuelcells/staffel.htm.
J.M. Feret, J.L. Kelly, A.J. Pereira, M.K. Wright, A.K Kush, Fourth Annual Fuel
Cells Contractors Review Meeting, Westinghouse PAFC Program House,1992.
F.A. Farhat, M.G. Simoes, Itegration of Alternative Sources of Energy, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 2006.
A.B. Bhattacharya, S.K. Kar, R. Bhattacharya, “Diffuse Solar Radiation and asso -
ciated meteorological parameters in India,” Ann. Geophysicae Springer-Verlag, vol.
, pp. 1051-1059, 1996.
http://sustech.cc/soq/Sustainable_Technologies_Solar_SOQ.pdf
A.C. Caputo, M. Palumbo, P.M. Pelagagge, F. Scacchia, “Economics of Biomass
Energy Utilization in Combustion and Gasification Plants: Effects of Logistic
Variables,” Biomass and bio energy. Elsevier , vol. 28, pp 35-51, 2005.
C.Z. Wu, H. Huang, S.P. Zhengh, X.L. Yin, “An economic analysis of biomass
gasification and power generation in China,” Bioresource Technology, Elsivier ,
vol.83, pp. 65-70, 2002.
A. Oudalov, R. Cherkaoui, A. Beguin, “Sizing and Optimal Operation of Battery
Energy Storage System for Peak Shaving Application,” IEEE Powertech, paper
no. 561, July. 2007.
N.H. Ravindranath, P. Balachandra, “Sustainable Bioenergy for India: Technical
economic and policy analyses” International Journal of Energy, vol. 34, pp 1003-
, 2009.
R. Banerjee, “Comparison of Options for Distributed Generation in India,” Inter-
national journal of Energy Policy , Article in Press.
Storn R. and Price. K, ‘Differential Evolution—a simple and Efficient Heuristic
for Global Optimization over continuous space’, Journal of Global Optimization,
Vol. 11, pp 341-359, 1997
Stron R, ‘On the usage of Differential Evolution for function optimization’, pro-
ceedings in Biennial Conference of North America Fuzzy Information Process-
ing Society (NAFIPS), pp. 519-523 (1996).
http://sustech.cc/soq/Sustainable_Technologies_Solar_SOQ.pdf
J.S. Derman, F. Pettersson, “Structural and operational optimisation of distrib -
uted energy systems,” Applied Thermal Engineering , vol. 26. pp 1400-1408, 2006.
http://www.ashden.org/biomass-gasification
J.D. Pandya, K.K. Ghosh, S.K. Rastogi, “A Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Coupled
with Biogas,” Energy, vol. 13(4), pp.383-388, 1988.
E. Carlson, R. Zogg, P.E. Sriramulu, K. Roth, J. Brodrick, “Using Phosphoric Acid
Fuel Cells For Distributed Generation,” ASHRAE, vol. 49, 2006.
A. Oudalov, D. Chartouni, C. Ohler, G. Linhofer, “Value Analysis of Battery En -
ergy Storage Applications in Power Systems,” in proc. 2006 2 nd IEEE PES Power
Systems Conference and Exposition .
L. Goldstein, B. Headman, “Gas-Fired Distributed Energy Resources Technology
characterization,” Tech Report the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is Directing Programs.
Private communication: E & M State Head Office, IIT Kharagpur, West Bengal,
India.
