The Green Hydrogen Paradigm Shift
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13052/dgaej2156-3306.2221Abstract
The change from a global economy dependent upon fossil fuels to
renewable fuels for an hydrogen economy is occurring now. Not in 50 to
60 years, but the hydrogen economy is underway today. This “paradigm
shift” is one as signi ficant and dramatic as the Industrial Revolution
itself. And more importantly, it is not an adjustment or cycle or bubble.
Indeed, the hydrogen economy is upon us now, and every nation and
community is now experiencing the transitions therein.
This article addresses that paradigm shift but also the immediate
economic and business development for any region or nation-state.
More signi ficantly, when the production of hydrogen is derived from
renewable energy resources, not only are there societal bene fits but also
sustainable economic growth. Some of the immediate evidence can be
seen in California, where “civic markets” are indeed working, but also
with the combination of infrastructures into hybrid systems. Herein
the combination of hydrogen for stationary power with transportation
fuel needs is expediting the paradigm change into economic feasibility
today—not in the next Century.
Downloads
References
Abrahams, Spencer. 2003. “Special session of the EU: hydrogen,” Speech at European
Union Conference on Hydrogen. Brussels (June 2003).
American Wind Energy Association. 2000. “What are the factors in the cost of electricity
from wind turbines?” http://www.awea.org/faq/cost.html.
Andersen, Henrik. 2003. “Study and Report on Hydrogen Future in California”, from
data on Norsk Hydrogen Project in Denmark.
Arthur Anderson. 2000. “California Fuel Supply,” California Energy Commission Report,
Sacramento, CA. http://www.energy.ca.gov/fuels/petroleum_dependence/docu-
ments/2002-04-15_PRESENTATIONS/2002-04-15_2020-50_ESTIMT.PPT
Berry, Gene, Alan Lamont, and Jill Watz. 1999. “Modeling Renewable Energy system us-
ing Hydrogen for Energy storage and Transportation fuels,” unpublished paper,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington
DC.
Berry, Gene. 1996. Hydrogen as a transportation fuel, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, UCRL-ID-123465, Washington DC.
Bernstein, Mark A., Paul D. Holtberg, and David Ortiz. 2002. “Implications and Policy
Options of California’s Reliance on Natural Gas.” Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Bevilocqua, Knight. 2001. “Bringing Fuel Cell Vehicles to Market: Scenarios and Chal-
lenges with Fuel Alternatives.” California Fuel Cell Partnership, Sacramento, CA.
October 2001.
Bolinger, Mark. 2004. “A Survey of State Support for Community Wind Power Develop-
ment”, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Clean Energy States Program,
Berkeley, CA. March 2004.
Bradshaw, Ted and Woodrow W. Clark. 2002. “The California Experience: from de-
regulation disaster to flexible power.” Paris, France: UNEP and IEA Conference:
Power Sector Reform and Sustainable Development. May 2002.
Bush, George W. 2003. “State of the Union Address: Reference to FreedomCar”, Wash-
ington, DC. January 2003.
California’s Commission for the 21st Century. 2002. http://www.bth.ca.gov/invest4ca/
FullReport.pdf
California Consumer Agency (CCA) “Sustainable Building Roadmap,” December 2002.
www.ciwmb.ca.gov/GreenBuilding/TaskForce
California Consumer Agency (CCA), “LEEDS Standards,” http://www.dsa.dgs.ca.gov/
Sustainability
California Consumer Agency (CCA). 2003-2004. “Green Driving Working Group.”
California Consumer and Power Authority (CPA). 2003. “Clean Energy”, www.capower-
authority.ca
California Energy Commission (CEC). 2003. Reports as part of “Integrated Energy
Policy Report.” Sacramento, CA, December 2003. The documents can be down-
loaded at: http://www.energy.ca.gov/energypolicy/documents/
* Electricity and Natural Gas Assessment Report - Commission Final Draft, Supporting
document for Integrated Energy Policy Report (publication # 100-03-014D)
* Transportation Fuels, Technologies and Infrastructure Assessment Report - Com-
mission Final Draft, Supporting document for Integrated Energy Policy Report
publication # 100-03-013D)
* Public Interest Energy Strategies Report - Commission Final Draft, Supporting docu-
ment for Integrated Energy Policy Report (publication # 100-03-012D)
* Climate Change and California - supporting document for Public Interest Energy
Strategies Report (publication # 100-03-017) - Final Staff Report
California Fuel Cell Partnership (CFCP). 2003. “It’s Four More Years”: Background, Fu-
ture and Accomplishments. West Sacramento, CA. www.cafcp.org/recent.
California Fuel Cell Partnership (CFCP). 2000. “Hydrogen in Southern California.”
http://www.opr.ca.gov/energy/PDFs/Fuel_Cell_ScenarioStudy.pdf.
California Governor’s Of fice of Planning and Research. 2004. “Environmental Goals and
Policy Report (EGPR),” Sacramento, CA. www.opr.ca.gov
California Independent System Operators (CAISO), “Intermittent Resources Report.”
Folsom, CA: March 28, 2002. http://www.caiso.com/docs/2002/02/01/200202011
html
California Stationary Fuel Cell Collaborative (CSFCC). 2004. www.stationaryfuelcells.org.
CalPERS Board. 2004. “A motion passed for the Environmental Technology Program,”
Sacramento, CA. 15 March 2004.
Clark, Woodrow W. II, et al. 2005. “Hydrogen Energy Stations: along the roadside to a
hydrogen economy,” Utility Policy, Elsevier Press, January 2005.
Clark, Woodrow W., II. 2005. “Hydrogen: the pathway to energy independence”. Energy
Policy, Elsevier, Winter 2005.
Clark, Woodrow W. II. 2005. “Executive Summary: Hydrogen Finance Laboratory”, Gov-
ernor Schwarzenegger Team “Hydrogen Road Map,” January 2005.
Clark, Woodrow W. II. 2004. “The California Hydrogen Economy: toward the Hydrogen
Freeway”, Chair and Facilitator, Forum on “The California Hydrogen Economy”
in Los Angeles, CA, August 15, 2003, Governor’s Of fice of Planning and Re-
search, January 2004.
Clark, Woodrow W. II and T. Bradshaw. 2004. Agile Energy Systems: Global Lessons
from the California Energy Crisis. London, UK, Elsevier Press, 2004.
Clark, Woodrow W. II and W. Isherwood, 2004, “Distributed generation: remote power
systems with advanced storage,” Energy Policy, Elsevier Press, Oxford, UK, Fall
http://authors.elsevier.com/sd/article/S030142150300017X
Clark, Woodrow W. II.. 2004. “Innovation for a Sustainable Hydrogen Economy,” Boost-
ing Innovation from Research to Market. Brussels, Belgium, European Union.
Spring 2004, www.partnersforinnovation.org. pp. 65-67.
Clark, Woodrow W. II. 2003b. “The California Hydrogen Economy: The Hydrogen Free-
way”, Presentation and unpublished paper, Politechnical University, Torino, Italy,
May 2003.
Clark, Woodrow W. II. 2003a. “The California Hydrogen Freeway”, invited speaker to
EU Roundtable on Hydrogen, Brussels. May 23, 2003.
Clark, Woodrow W. II. and Doug Grandy. 2003. “H2 Quick Facts”, Governor’s Of fice of
research and Planning, Sacramento, CA. October 2003.
Clark, Woodrow W. II. and H. Lund. 2001. “Civic Markets: the case of the California
Energy Crisis,” International Journal of Global Energy Issues, UK, Interscience.
December 2001.
Clark, Woodrow W. II. 2001. “The California Energy Challenge: from crisis to opportu-
nity for sustainable development,” American Western Economic Conference, San
Francisco, CA. June 2001.
Clean Coalition. 2004. “Hydrogen White Paper: from Myth to Reality,” Washington DC.
April 24, 2004.
Economist 2003. “The future of energy; the end of the Oil Age,” Col 369, No 8347, October 25, 2003: pp.11-12.
Economist 2002a. “The Real Scandal,” January 19, 2002.
Economist 2002b. RE: Enron, February-March, 2002.
Economist 2002c. “Social Science Comes of Age,” March 4, 2002, pp. 42-43.
Economist 2001a. “Science and Technology. The Environment: Economic Man, cleaner
planet”, September 29, 2001: pp. 73-75.
Economist 2001b. “The Amazing disintegrating firm,” December 6, 2001b.
Economist 2000. The Electric Revolution. Special issues. August 5, 2000: pp. 17-18 and
-77.
Economist 1999a. “Stepping on the gas: after many false starts, hydrogen power is at
last in sight of commercial viability,” July 24, 1999: p. 19-20.
Economist 1999b. “Fuel Cells meet big business: A device that has been a technological
curiosity for a century and half has suddenly become the centre of attention,”
July 24, 1999: p. 59-60.
Economist 1999c. The New Economy. Work in progress.” July 24, 1999: p. 21-24.
Economist 1997a. “The visible hand,” Editorial, September 20, 1997: p. 17.
Economist 1997b. “Assembling the new economy,” Finance and Economics, September
, 1997: p. 71-73.
Economist 1997c. “The third age of fuel,” Editorial. October 25, 1997: p. 16.
Economist 1997d. “At last, the fuel cell,” Science and Technology, October 25, 1997: p.
-92.
European Commission (EU) 2003. High Level Group, “Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells:
a vision of our future—summary report,” Brussels, June 2003: pp. 1-18. http://
www.europa.eu.int/comm/research/energy/nn/nt rt hlg/ en/htm
European Commission (EU) 2003a. International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy
Preparatory meeting: “Summary of main conclusions.” Brussels, October 23,
a.
European Commission (EU) 2003b. “Formal Terms of Reference to U.S. Mission to the
European Union.” RE: International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy Min-
isters Meeting in November 03 in Washington, DC. Brussels, October 31, 2003b
European Commission (EU) 2003. “Innovation for Regional Partnership,” Brussels,
December 2003.
European Commission (EU), 2003, “Commission launches High Level Group on Hy-
drogen and Fuel Cells.” Press Release, Brussels: European Union Press Of fice.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/energy/nn/nn_rt_hy3_en.htm
Foundation on Economic Trends (FET) 2004. “White Paper: Clean and Green Hydro-
gen,” Washington, DC. April 2004.
Garvin, Cosmo. 2003. “Hydrogen Now” Sacramento Bee, Sacramento, CA. April 17,
General Motors (GM). 2004. “Who’s Driving the Hydrogen Economy : A brief Introduc-
tion to the Next Generation of GM,” Economist, April 13-24, 2004, pp. 66-67.
www.gm.com
Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger 2004a. “State of the State Address” Sacramento, CA.
January 2004.
Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger 2004b. “California Renewable Energy Goals” pre-
sented to the California Energy Commission, Sacramento, CA. January 2004.
http://www.energy.ca.gov/renewables/documents/legislature.html
Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger 2004c. “The California Hydrogen Highway: Executive
Order,” Davis, CA. University of California, Institute for Transportation Studies,
April 20, 2004. www.hydrogenhighway.ca.gov.
Grandy, Douglas, et al. 2002. “Strategies for Renewable Energy Generation,” Sacramen-
to, CA. 2002.
Green Hydrogen Coalition (GHC). 2003a. “ENVIRONMENTAL, CONSUMER, AND
PUBLIC POLICY ORGANIZATIONS TO CHALLENGE PRESIDENT BUSH’S
LAUNCH OF THE INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIP FOR THE HYDROGEN
ECONOMY (IPHE)”, Press Release, Washington, DC. November 17, 2003. Mi-
chelle Baker mbaker@foet.org or 202.466.2823
Green Hydrogen Coalition (GHC). 2003b. “Statement of the Green Hydrogen Coalition”,
Washington, DC., November 2003.
Hall, Carl T. 2003. “Hydrogen fuel cells may harm ozone: Scientists warn about po-
tential for leaks to occur,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 13, 2003. http://www.
sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/06/13/MN296207.DTL
Hexeberg, Ivan. 2003. “Hydrogen technologies and commercial applications,” Norsk Hy-
dro, paper for EU Regional and Innovation Conference, Brussels, December 2003.
Isherwood, William, J. Ray Smith, Salvador Aceves, Gene Berry and Woodrow W. Clark
with Ronald Johnson, Deben Das, Douglas Goering and Richard Seifert. 2000.
“Remote Village Energy Systems of Advanced Technologies.” Energy Policy. Fall
University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Liver-
more, CA.
Kammen, Daniel, and Timothy Lipman. 2003. Letter to Science rebuking: T.K. Tromp et
al., titled “Potential Environmental Impact of a Hydrogen Economy on the Strato-
sphere,” University of California, June 16, 2003.
Keith, D. W. and A. Farrel. 2003. “Rethinking Hydrogen Cars” Policy Forum, Science,
vol. 301, July 18, 2003, pp. 314-316.
Lagier, Christain. 2003. “Overcoming the Technical Challenges of Hybrid Systems—
Commercial Applications. San Diego, CA. National Distributed Energy Genera-
tion Conference, Northern Power Systems, Corp. May 2003.
Lamont, Alan, Woodrow W. Clark and Berry, Gene. 2004. “Renewable Energy System:
Hydrogen for Energy storage and Transportation fuels”, from work with Law-
rence Livermore National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, University of
California and State of California, Governor’s Of fice of Planning and Research,
unpublished.
Lamont, A., WW Clark and G. Berry. 2001. “The LLNL China Energy Model”, Paper
presented at U.S. DOE Conference on Energy Models and Systems, Washington,
DC., August 1997.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). 2003. “Edward Teller (1908-2003):
a life dedicated to science,” Science & Technology Review, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington DC. October 2003: pp. 2-3.
Lipman, Timothy. 2003. “Hydrogen Fact Sheet,” Energy Resource Institute, Hydrogen
Programs, University of California, Berkeley, October 2003.
Lipman, Timothy, Jennifer Edwards, and Daniel Kammen. 2002. “Economic Analysis of
Hydrogen Energy Station Concepts: are H2E-Stations a key link to a hydrogen
fuel cell vehicle infrastructure?” University of California, Berkeley, December 6,
http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~rael/fuelcell.hrml.
Lovins, Amory, “20 Myths about Hydrogen”, Rocky Mountain Institute, Colorado, 2003.
http://www.rmi.org/sitepages/pid171.php#20H2Myths
National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. The Hydrogen
Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs. Washington, DC: The
National Academies Press, www.nap.edu.
Norsk Hydro. 2003. Corporate Annual Report. Oslo, Norway
Ogden, Joan, Robert H. Williams, and Eric D. Larson. 2004. “Societal LifeCycle costs of
cars with Alternative fuels/engines”, Energy Policy, Elsevier Press, Winter, 2004,
pp. 1-32.
Ogden, Joan. 1999. “Developing an infrastructure for hydrogen vehicles: a Southern
California case study”, Princeton University until Fall 2003 then University of
California, Davis, Institute for Transportation Studies. 1999. http://www.princ-
eton.edu/~energy/publications/pdf/1999/Developing_infrastructure_hydrogen.
pdf.
Pool, Robert. 1997. Beyond Engineering: How society shapes technology. Oxford Univer-
sity Press, Oxford, UK, 1997.
Porter, M.E., and C. van der Linde. 1995. ‘Green and Competitive: Ending the Stale-
mate’, Harvard Business Review 73.5, September/October 1995: 120-33.
Prodi, Ramano 2002. http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/energy/nn/nt_rt_hy3_en/
htm
Prodi, Ramano 2002. http://www.cordi.lu/sustdev/energy/h2.htm
Prodi, Ramano. 2003. “EU Roadmap towards a European Partnership for a Sustainable
Hydrogen Economy,” Speech, Brussels, September 10, 2003.
Rambach, Glenn. 1999. “Integrated renewable Hydrogen/Utility Systems.” Reno, NV:
U.S. DOE Desert Research Institute. December 14, 1999.
Rifkin, Jeremy. 2002. The Hydrogen Economy: The Creation of the Worldwide Energy
Web and the Redistribution of Power on Earth. New York: Penguin Putnam,
Rifkin, Jeremy, 2003. “Bush Plan for Hydrogen is Just Hot Air: using fossil fuels in
energy process get us nowhere,” LA Times: Commentary, November 9, 2003.
Electronic at Latimes.com
Rifkin, Jeremy. 2004. http://www.foet.org/JeremyRifkin.htm
Romanwitz, Hal. 2002. “Wind and Pumped Storage” Personal Email Communication.
; pp. 1-3.
Romm, Joseph 2004a. The Hype about Hydrogen: Fact and Fiction in the Race to Save
the Climate.
Romm, Joseph, 2004b, “Lots of Hot Air about Hydrogen: the hybrids on the road are
low-emission, so why flirt with a dirtier, exotic process?” LA Times, March 28,
http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/opinion/la-op-romm28mar28,1,6367664.
story
Romm, Joseph J. 1993. Lean and Clean Management. New York: Kodansha Interna-
tional, 1993.
Rosenfeld, Arthur, Tina Kaarsberg, and Joseph Romm. 2000. “Technologies to reduce
carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Next Decade.” Physics Today. November 2000.
Salazar-Thompson (lead author) et al. 2003. “Environmental Justice in California State
Government”, Governor’s Of fice of Planning and Research, Sacramento, CA.
October 2003.
Samuelson, Scott. 2004, Director, National Fuel Cell Center, University of California,
Irvine. www.uci.edu/nationalfuelcellcenter
San Francisco Environment. 2003. “San Francisco Announces Hydrogen Fuel Cell Pilot
Program with Honda.” San Francisco Environment. September 25, 2003.
Schultz, Don. 2002. Interagency Green Accounting Working Group (IGAWG). Standard
Practices Manual,” 2002.
Schwartz, Peter and Doug Randall. 2003. “How Hydrogen ca save America: time line,”
Wired Magazine, March/April 2003.
Shnayerson, Michael. 1996. The Car that Could: the inside story of GMs Revolutionary
Electric Vehicle. Random House, New York. 1996.
Shell. 2002. “Hydrogen: Challenges and Opportunities,” London, UK
Sowell, Arnie et al. 2003. “Sustainable Building Task Force; codes and standards.” Sacra-
mento, CA: Department of General Services, Consumer Affairs Agency. 2003.
Fuel Cells 2000. 2003. “Stations List of H2 Refueling under 100.” Fuel Cells 2000. April
South Coast Air Quality District (SCAQMSD). 2003. Appendix Chart #1 MAP. http://
www.energy.ca.gov/distgen/strategic/strategic_plan.html
Sperling, Daniel and James S. Cannon. 2004. The Hydrogen Energy Transition: moving
toward the Post-Petroleum Age in Transportation. Elsevier Press, St. Louis, MO.
Sperling, Daniel and Joan Ogden. 2004. “The Hope for Hydrogen: we should embrace
hydrogen largely because of the absence of a more compelling long-term option”,
Issues in Science and Technology, Spring 2004: pp.82-86.
Stalh, Leslie. 2003. “The future of cars is here today”, 60-Minutes segment, CBS News,
New York, NY. September 2003.
Stempel, Robert. 2002. “U.S. Hydrogen Economy Here and Now,” Editorial, March 29,
Stuart Energy. 2003. “Delivered Success: the evolution of energy,” presentation. Toronto,
Canada, July 2003.
Swisher, Joel. 2002. “Cleaner Energy, Greener Profits: Fuel Cells as Cost-Effective Distrib-
uted Generation Sources.” Colorado: Rocky Mountain Institute. January 2002.
Toyota. 2002. “Toyota introduces First Fuel Cell for Testing on U.S. Roads.” http://
pressroom.toyota.com/mediakit/toyota/2002kit/fchv4.html
Tromp, T.K. et al. 2003. “Potential Environmental Impact of a Hydrogen Economy on
the Stratosphere,” Science, 300, 1740-1742.
University of California at Davis. 2004. Institute for Transportation Studies web site
www.ucd.edu/its.
University of California at Irvine. 2004. National Fuel Cell Center web site www.uci.
edu/nationalfuelcellcenter.
U.S. Department of Energy. 2003. Meeting of Ministers: international Partnership for
Hydrogen Conference,” Washington, DC. November 2003.
