Power Management, Control and Optimization of Photovoltaic/Battery/Fuel Cell/Stored Hydrogen-Based Microgrid for Critical Hospital Loads
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13052/dgaej2156-3306.3747Keywords:
Optimal sizing and costing, power management, solar photovoltaic, hydrogen fuel cell, battery, DC microgrid, critical loads.Abstract
Renewable-energy-based DC microgrids are acting as a possible replacement for the diesel-generator-based stand-alone power systems for critical loads as they are environment friendly, efficient and reliable. Research attention is required on optimization and effective power management of DC microgrids to address power failures and affordability issues. This paper performs optimization and proposes a power management strategy for a DC microgrid consisting of Solar PV/battery/fuel cell and stored hydrogen. A suitable case study is implemented in HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources) to check the feasibility of the proposed system configuration for the remote location of North India (74.75∘ E and 34.05∘ N). The HOMER is used to evaluate the best system configuration in size and cost per unit of energy. A custom-based power management algorithm is suggested to enhance the proposed microgrid topology scope for any given site. The custom-based power management algorithm helps in effectively sharing the critical load demand among the various renewable power sources, considering the various parameters like battery state-of-charge (SOC) and availability of solar photovoltaic power. Time-domain simulations are performed to check the proposed custom-based power management algorithm’s microgrid response and effectiveness considering random solar irradiance profile and various operating modes. It is assumed that hydrogen is available in the tank and supplied to the fuel cell at a constant flow rate for the time-domain simulations. The contribution of this work is to describe the application of renewable-energy-based DC microgrid in electrifying ventilator critical loads, where load shedding is not feasible and neither allowed. The optimization results indicate the economic feasibility with the best optimal system configuration providing electricity at $ 0.186 with a total NPC of $83103. Time-domain simulations are performed in MATLAB/Simscape software and the results indicate the technical feasibility of electrifying the ventilator loads through the proposed renewable-energy-based DC microgrids.
Downloads
References
M. Farrokhabadi, C. A. Cañizares, J. W. Simpson-Porco, E. Nasr, L. Fan, P. A. Mendoza-Araya, R. Tonkoski, U. Tamrakar, N. Hatziargyriou, D. Lagos, R. W. Wies, M. Paolone, M. Liserre, L. Meegahapola, M. Kabalan, A. H. Hajimiragha, D. Peralta, M. A. Elizondo, K. P. Schneider, F. K. Tuffner, and J. Reilly. Microgrid stability definitions, analysis, and examples. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 35(1):13–29, 2020.
Anastasios Oulis Rousis, Dimitrios Tzelepis, Ioannis Konstantelos, Campbell Booth, and Goran Strbac. Design of a hybrid ac/dc microgrid using homer pro: case study on an islanded residential application. Inventions, 3(3), 8 2018.
C. Wang and H. Nehrir. Load transient mitigation for stand-alone fuel cell power generation systems. In 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, pages 1–1, 2007.
Stefano Leonori, Maurizio Paschero, Fabio Massimo Frattale Mascioli, and Antonello Rizzi. Optimization strategies for microgrid energy management systems by genetic algorithms. Applied Soft Computing, 86:105903, 2020.
Zhao Xin-gang, Zhang Ze-qi, Xie Yi-min, and Meng Jin. Economic-environmental dispatch of microgrid based on improved quantum particle swarm optimization. Energy, 195:117014, 2020.
Mehrun Nisa, Marya Andleeb, and Bakhsh Farhad Ilahi. Effect of partial shading on a pv array and its maximum power point tracking using particle swarm optimization. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, volume 1817, page 012025. IOP Publishing, 2021.
Sergio Balderrama, Francesco Lombardi, Fabio Riva, Walter Canedo, Emanuela Colombo, and Sylvain Quoilin. A two-stage linear programming optimization framework for isolated hybrid microgrids in a rural context: The case study of the “el espino” community. Energy, 188:116073, 2019.
Jamal Faraji, Hamed Hashemi-Dezaki, and Abbas Ketabi. Stochastic operation and scheduling of energy hub considering renewable energy sources’ uncertainty and n-1 contingency. Sustainable Cities and Society, 65:102578, 2021.
Farag K. Abo-Elyousr, Josep M. Guerrero, and Haitham S. Ramadan. Prospective hydrogen-based microgrid systems for optimal leverage via metaheuristic approaches. Applied Energy, 300:117384, 2021.
Bing Han, Mingxuan Li, Jingjing Song, Junjie Li, and Jamal Faraji. Optimal design of an on-grid microgrid considering long-term load demand forecasting: A case study. Distributed Generation and Alternative Energy Journal, 35:345–362, 2021.
Seyyed Ali Sadat, Jamal Faraji, Masoud Babaei, and Abbas Ketabi. Techno-economic comparative study of hybrid microgrids in eight climate zones of iran. Energy Science & Engineering, 8(9):3004–3026, 2020.
Hassan Z. Al Garni, Anjali Awasthi, and Makbul A.M. Ramli. Optimal design and analysis of grid-connected photovoltaic under different tracking systems using homer. Energy Conversion and Management, 155:42–57, 2018.
Venkatesh Boddapati and S. Arul Daniel. Design and feasibility analysis of hybrid energy-based electric vehicle charging station. Distributed Generation and Alternative Energy Journal, 37:41–72, 2022.
Haipeng Guan, Yan Ren, Qiuxia Zhao, and Hesam Parvaneh. Techno-economic analysis of renewable-based stand-alone hybrid energy systems considering load growth and photovoltaic depreciation rates. Distributed Generation and Alternative Energy Journal, 35:209–236, 2020.
Normazlina Mat Isa, Himadry Shekhar Das, Chee Wei Tan, A.H.M. Yatim, and Kwan Yiew Lau. A techno-economic assessment of a combined heat and power photovoltaic/fuel cell/battery energy system in malaysia hospital. Energy, 112:75–90, 2016.
Md. Fatin Ishraque, Sk. A. Shezan, M.M. Ali, and M.M. Rashid. Optimization of load dispatch strategies for an islanded microgrid connected with renewable energy sources. Applied Energy, 292:116879, 2021.
M. Saleh, Y. Esa, Y. Mhandi, W. Brandauer, and A. Mohamed. Design and implementation of ccny dc microgrid testbed. In 2016 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, pages 1–7, 2016.
Shigong Jiang, Wei Wang, Heng Jin, and Dianguo Xu. Power management strategy for microgrid with energy storage system. In IECON 2011 - 37th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, pages 1524–1529, 2011.
Dimitris Ipsakis, Spyros Voutetakis, Panos Seferlis, Fotis Stergiopoulos, and Costas Elmasides. Power management strategies for a stand-alone power system using renewable energy sources and hydrogen storage. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34(16):7081 – 7095, 2009. 4th Dubrovnik Conference.
F. Nejabatkhah and Y. W. Li. Overview of power management strategies of hybrid ac/dc microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 30(12):7072–7089, 2015.
A. Merabet, K. Tawfique Ahmed, H. Ibrahim, R. Beguenane, and A. M. Y. M. Ghias. Energy management and control system for laboratory scale microgrid based wind-pv-battery. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 8(1):145–154, 2017.
R. K. Sharma and S. Mishra. Dynamic power management and control of a pv pem fuel-cell-based standalone ac/dc microgrid using hybrid energy storage. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 54(1):526–538, 2018.
Naziha Harrabi, Mansour Souissi, Abdel Aitouche, and Mohamed Chaabane. Modeling and control of photovoltaic and fuel cell based alternative power systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43(25):11442 – 11451, 2018. Alternative Energies for Sustainability.
Vaishalee Dash and Prabodh Bajpai. Power management control strategy for a stand-alone solar photovoltaic-fuel cell–battery hybrid system. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 9:68 – 80, 2015.
A. M. O. Haruni, M. Negnevitsky, M. E. Haque, and A. Gargoom. A novel operation and control strategy for a standalone hybrid renewable power system. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 4(2):402–413, 2013.
H. S. V. S. K. Nunna, A. Sesetti, A. K. Rathore, and S. Doolla. Multiagent-based energy trading platform for energy storage systems in distribution systems with interconnected microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 56(3):3207–3217, 2020.
U. Manandhar, B. Wang, X. Zhang, G. H. Beng, Y. Liu, and A. Ukil. Joint control of three-level dc–dc converter interfaced hybrid energy storage system in dc microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 34(4):2248–2257, 2019.
Safa Slouma, Sondes Skander-Mustapha, Ilhem Slama-Belkhodja, and Mohamed Machmoum. Frequency seperation model based on infinite impulse response filter applied to hybrid power generation intended for residential sector. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 9(1), 2019.
Pia Hoenicke, Debjani Ghosh, Adel Muhandes, Sumantra Bhattacharya, Christiane Bauer, Josef Kallo, and Caroline Willich. Power management control and delivery module for a hybrid electric aircraft using fuel cell and battery. Energy Conversion and Management, 244:114445, 2021.
J. A. P. Lopes, C. L. Moreira, and A. G. Madureira. Defining control strategies for microgrids islanded operation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 21(2):916–924, 2006.
A. Bidram and A. Davoudi. Hierarchical structure of microgrids control system. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 3(4):1963–1976, 2012.
F. Gao, R. Kang, J. Cao, and T. Yang. Primary and secondary control in dc microgrids: a review. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, 7(2):227–242, 2019.
Peerzada Ashiq. Coronavirus Power cuts leave Kashmir’s COVID-19 patients gasping, 2020 (accessed November 28, 2020).
Jem Porcaro Rob Fetter, Anthony Fuller and Cyrus Sinai. You can’t fight pandemics without power—electric power, 2020 (accessed December 22, 2020).
Yana Mokhonchuk. 2 COVID-19 patients die in hospital as power outage stops ventilators, 2020 (accessed December 21, 2020).
Ting Qiu and Jamal Faraji. Techno-economic optimization of a grid-connected hybrid energy system considering electric and thermal load prediction. Energy Science & Engineering, 2021.
R. Singh and R. C. Bansal. Optimization of an autonomous hybrid renewable energy system using reformed electric system cascade analysis. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 15(1):399–409, 2019.
Jamal Faraji, Hamed Hashemi-Dezaki, and Abbas Ketabi. Multi-year load growth-based optimal planning of grid-connected microgrid considering long-term load demand forecasting: A case study of tehran, iran. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 42:100827, 2020.
Muhammad Shahzad Javed, Aotian Song, and Tao Ma. Techno-economic assessment of a stand-alone hybrid solar-wind-battery system for a remote island using genetic algorithm. Energy, 176:704 – 717, 2019.
Shirazul Islam, Farhad Bakhsh, and Qamar Islam. Modeling and Analysis of the Photovoltaic Array Feeding a SPWM Inverter: SIGMA 2018, Volume 1, pages 449–457. 01 2019.
A. Ali, K. Almutairi, S. Padmanaban, V. Tirth, S. Algarni, K. Irshad, S. Islam, M. H. Zahir, M. Shafiullah, and M. Z. Malik. Investigation of mppt techniques under uniform and non-uniform solar irradiation condition–a retrospection. IEEE Access, 8:127368–127392, 2020.
Neetan Sharma, Farhad Ilahi Bakhsh, and Shivinder Mehta. Efficiency enhancement of a solar power plant using maximum power point tracking techniques. In 2018 International Conference on Computational and Characterization Techniques in Engineering Sciences (CCTES), pages 106–111, 2018.
Zhongliang Li, Zhixue Zheng, Liangfei Xu, and Xiaonan Lu. A review of the applications of fuel cells in microgrids: opportunities and challenges. BMC Energy, 1:1–8, 2019.
A. Tani, M. B. Camara, and B. Dakyo. Energy management in the decentralized generation systems based on renewable energy—ultracapacitors and battery to compensate the wind/load power fluctuations. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 51(2):1817–1827, 2015.
J. Timmermans, A. Nikolian, J. De Hoog, R. Gopalakrishnan, S. Goutam, N. Omar, T. Coosemans, J. Van Mierlo, A. Warnecke, D. U. Sauer, M. Swierczynski, D. I. Stroe, E. Martinez-Laserna, E. Sarasketa-Zabala, J. Gastelurrutia, and N. Nerea. Batteries 2020 — lithium-ion battery first and second life ageing, validated battery models, lifetime modelling and ageing assessment of thermal parameters. In 2016 18th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’16 ECCE Europe), pages 1–23, 2016.
K. Agbossou, M. Kolhe, J. Hamelin, and T. K. Bose. Performance of a stand-alone renewable energy system based on energy storage as hydrogen. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 19(3):633–640, 2004.
T. Nguyen, Z. Abdin, T. Holm, and W. Mérida. Grid-connected hydrogen production via large-scale water electrolysis. Energy Conversion and Management, 200:112108, 2019.
Stuart Fludger and Andrew Klein. Portable ventilators. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care and Pain, 8:199–203, 2008.
Ali Saleh Aziz, Mohammad Faridun Naim Tajuddin, Mohd Rafi Adzman, Azralmukmin Azmi, and Makbul A.M. Ramli. Optimization and sensitivity analysis of standalone hybrid energy systems for rural electrification: A case study of iraq. Renewable Energy, 138:775 – 792, 2019.
Prachuab Peerapong and Bundit Limmeechokchai. Optimal electricity development by increasing solar resources in diesel-based micro grid of island society in thailand. Energy Reports, 3:1–13, 2017.
NASA. Power data access viewer, 2021 (accessed July 21, 2021).
Adel Choudar, Djamel Boukhetala, Said Barkat, and Jean-Michel Brucker. A local energy management of a hybrid pv-storage based distributed generation for microgrids. Energy Conversion and Management, 90:21 – 33, 2015.
Sheikh Javed Iqbal Sheikh Suhail Mohammad. Improved dispatchability of solar photovoltaic system with battery energy storage. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advances in Energy Research, pages 1003–1013, 2020.
Amin Hajizadeh, Samson G. Tesfahunegn, and Tore M. Undeland. Intelligent control of hybrid photo voltaic/fuel cell/energy storage power generation system. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 3, 2011.
Kanhu Charan Bhuyan, Subhransu Padhee, Rajesh Kumar Patjoshi, and Kamalakanta Mahapatra. Hysteresis control of power conditioning unit for fuel cell distributed generation system. International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, 8(7):1175 – 1180, 2014.
S. Banerjee, P. Ranjan, and C. Grebogi. Bifurcations in two-dimensional piecewise smooth maps-theory and applications in switching circuits. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 47(5):633–643, 2000.
