Artificial Neural Network Based Algorithm for Fault Detection in a Ring DC Microgrid Under Diverse Fault Conditions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13052/dgaej2156-3306.3812Keywords:
DC microgrid, Artificial Neural Network (ANN),, fault detection/classification, pole to ground and pole to pole fault, distributed energy resources (DERs)Abstract
The DC microgrid has become a greater power system in modern power technology due to its wider acceptance as compared to the AC-based traditional power distribution network. Nevertheless, protection of the DC microgrid is a difficult and complicated task due to numerous types of fault scenarios such as pole-to-ground and pole-to-pole faults, variation in fault current magnitude during grid connected and islanded mode, as well as bidirectional behaviour of the converters. In addition to the abovementioned challenges, fault detection during varying fault resistance and intermittency is also a crucial and tricky task because the level of the fault current can vary due to the distinct value of the fault resistance. Therefore, in this manuscript, an ANN-based protection scheme is proposed to detect the fault under varying fault conditions. Furthermore, to investigate the appropriateness of the protection scheme, DT and kNN-based techniques have also been considered for analysis purpose. In the proposed protection scheme, the tasks of mode identification, fault detection/classification, as well as section identification, have been proposed. The results in Section 5 indicate that the protection scheme is capable and accurate for fault detection in any type of faulty condition.
Downloads
References
V. Veerasamy, N.I.A. Wahab, M.L. Othman, S.K. Padmanaban, K. Sekar, R. Ramachandran, H. Hizam, A. Vinayagam, M.Z. Islam. LSTM recurrent neural network classifier for high impedance fault detection in solar PV integrated power system. IEEE Access, 2021, 9:32672–32687.
A. Bayu, D. Atinkut, B. Khan. Grid integration of hybrid energy system for distribution network. Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal, 2021,37(3):667–675. https://doi.org/10.13052/dgaej2156-3306.3738
T. Adefarati, R.C. Bansal. Integration of renewable distributed generators into the distribution system: a review. IET Renewable Power Generation, 2009, 10(7):873–884.
S.P. Tiwari, E. Koley, S. Ghosh. Communication-less ensemble classifier-based protection scheme for DC microgrid with adaptiveness to network reconfiguration and weather intermittency. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, 2021, 26, 100460.
S.P. Tiwari, E. Koley, M. Manohar, S. Ghosh, D.K. Mohanta, R.C. Bansal. Enhancing robustness of DC microgrid protection during weather intermittency and source outage for improved resilience and system integrity. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 2021, 31(12), e13243.
S. Kumar, R.K. Saket, S.K. Padmanaban, J.B. Holm-Nielsen. A comprehensive review on energy management in micro-grid system. Microgrid Technologies, 2021, 1–24.
A. Sharma, S.N. Singh, S.C. Srivastava. Optimal selection of DC microgrid architecture. IEEE 8th Power India International Conference (PIICON),2018, pp. 1–5.
A. Pouryekta, V. K. Ramachandaramurthy. A Hybrid Islanding Detection Method For Distribution Systems. Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal, 2018, 33(4):44–67. https://doi.org/10.13052/dgaej2156-3306.3343.
S.K. Sahoo, A.K. Sinha, N.K. Kishore. Control techniques in AC, DC, and hybrid AC–DC microgrid: a review. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 2017, 6(2): 738–759.
D. Salomonsson, L. Soder, A. Sannino. Protection of low-voltage DC microgrids. IEEE Transactions on power delivery, 2009, 24(3): 1045–1053.
R.M. Cuzner, G. Venkataramanan. The status of DC micro-grid protection. 2008 IEEE Industry Appli Society Annua Meet, 1–8.
D Salomonsson, A. Sannino. Load modelling for steady-state and transient analysis of low-voltage DC systems. IET Electric Power Applications, 2007, 1(5): 690–696.
S.J. Iqbal, S.S.Mohammad. Power management, control and optimization of photovoltaic/battery/fuel cell/stored hydrogen-based microgrid for critical hospital loads. Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal, 2022, 37(4):1027–1054. https://doi.org/10.13052/dgaej2156-3306.3747.
S. Dahale, A. Das, N.M. Pindoriya, S. Rajendran. An overview of DC-DC converter topologies and controls in DC microgrid. International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS), 2017; 410–415.
R. Mohanty, A.K. Pradhan. Protection of smart DC microgrid with ring configuration using parameter estimation approach. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2017, 9(6): 6328–6337.
Dhar S, Dash PK. Differential current-based fault protection with adaptive threshold for multiple PV-based DC microgrid. IET Renewable Power Generation, 2017, 11(6): 778–790.
M. Monadi, C. Gavriluta, A. Luna, J.I. Candela, P. Rodriguez. Centralized protection strategy for medium voltage DC microgrids. IEEE Transactions on power delivery, 2016, 32(1): 430–440.
S.D. Fletcher, P.J. Norman, K. Fong, S.J. Galloway, G.M. Burt. High-speed differential protection for smart DC distribution systems. IEEE Trans on Smart Grid, 2014, 5(5): 2610–2617.
T.R.D. Oliveira, R. Thiago. A.S. Bolzon, P.F.D. Garcia. Grounding and safety considerations for residential DC microgrids, Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2014, pp. 5526–5532.
S.A. Amamra, H. Ahmed, R.A. El-Sehiem. Firefly algorithm optimized robust protection scheme for DC microgrid. Electric Power Components and Systems, 2017, 45(10): 1141–1151.
A. Meghwani, S.C. Srivastava, S. Chakrabarti. A non-unit protection scheme for DC microgrid based on local measurements. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2016, 32(1): 172–181.
R. Mohanty, U.S.M. Balaji, A. K. Pradhan. An accurate noniterative fault-location technique for low-voltage DC microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2015, 32(1):475–481.
M. Salehi, S.A. Taher, I. Sadeghkhani, M. Shahidehpour . A poverty severity index-based protection strategy for ring-bus low-voltage DC microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2019, 10(6), 6860–6869.
O.P. Mahela, Y. Sharma, S. Ali, B. Khan, S.K. Padmanaban. Estimation of islanding events in utility distribution grid with renewable energy using current variations and stockwell transform. IEEE Access, 2021, 9, 69798–69813.
H.R. Baghaee, M. Mirsalim, G.B. Gharehpetian, H.A. Talebi. OC/OL protection of droop-controlled and directly voltage-controlled microgrids using TMF/ANN-based fault detection and discrimination. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 2019, 9(3), 3254–3265.
A. Elnozahy, K. Sayed, M. Bahyeldin. Artificial neural network based fault classification and location for transmission lines. IEEE Conference on power electronics and renewable energy (CPERE), 2019, 140–144.
M. Hussain, M. Dhimish, S. Titarenko, P. Mather. Artificial neural network based photovoltaic fault detection algorithm integrating two bi-directional input parameters. Renewable Energy, 2020, 155:1272–1292.
