Sizing of Rooftop PV Array and Community-Run Battery Storage for an Energy Cooperative in Prosumer Cluster
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13052/dgaej2156-3306.3764Keywords:
Energy cooperative, community battery bank, energy sharing, optimizationAbstract
A standalone system can address the problem of uncovered electricity from the grid. The cost of energy storage for installing renewable energy systems is one of the issues of such a system. This paper introduces and investigates the optimal capacity of a novel energy cooperative system with prosumer clusters and a community battery bank as typical energy storage. The system’s function is formulated to minimize the investor’s annual expenditure. The proposed energy cooperative system uses actual annual solar insolation data and the electric load demand of houses in the optimization process. The model, as mentioned above, is applied to two system configurations – energy cooperative without and with Prosumer to Prosumer (P2P) energy sharing. The reliability factor Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) from the Cooperative Energy Sharing algorithm is taken as a constraint in the formulation. The comparison of the two configurations brings out the importance of P2P energy sharing in a standalone Energy Cooperative system. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to achieve this optimization. The PSO results show that the proposed Energy Cooperative configurations are promising to facilitate the system’s reliability.
Downloads
References
Agrawal, Shalu, Sunil Mani, Abhishek Jain, and Karthik Ganesan. State of Electricity Access in India: ‘Insights from the India Residential Energy Consumption Survey (IRES) 2020’. New Delhi: Council on Energy, Environment and Water.
Hisham Khatib, IEA World Energy Outlook 2011 – A comment, Energy Policy, Volume 48, Pages 737–743,2012.
IEA (2011), World Energy Outlook 2011.
Central Electricity Authority of India, Government of India, ‘The growth of electricity sector in India from 1947-2017’,(2017), Available at http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/planning/pdm/growth_2017.pdf. Accessed 31 June 2017.
OECD-report, https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/greening-energy/49157219.pdf
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (2017), ‘Annual report 2016–17’, Available at http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/annual-report/2016-2017/EN/pdf/1.pdf. Accessed 31 April 2017.
Nimish Kumar, Nitai Pal, ‘The existence of barriers and proposed recommendations for the development of renewable energy in Indian perspective, Environment, Development and Sustainability’, pp. 1–19. 2018.
Kosmadakis, I.E.; Elmasides, C. A, ‘Sizing Method for PV–Battery–Generator Systems for Off-Grid Applications Based on the LCOE. Energies 2021’, 14, 1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071988
Rasmus Luthander, Joakim Widén, Daniel Nilsson, Jenny Palm, ‘Photovoltaic self-consumption in buildings: A review’, Applied Energy, Volume 142, 2015, Pages 80–94, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.028.
S. Nguyen, W. Peng, P. Sokolowski, D. Alahakoon, X. Yu, ‘Optimizing rooftop photovoltaic distributed generation with battery storage for peer-to-peer energy trading’, Applied Energy, 228 (2018), pp. 2567–2580.
A. Lüth, J.M. Zepter, P.C. del Granado, R. Egging, “Local electricity market designs for peer-to-peer trading: the role of battery flexibility”, Applied Energy, 229 (2018), pp. 1233–1243.
P. B. L. Neto, O. R. Saavedra and L. A. de Souza Ribeiro, “A Dual-Battery Storage Bank Configuration for Isolated Microgrids Based on Renewable Sources,” in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1618–1626, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2018.2800689.
I. S. Bayram, M. Abdallah, A. Tajer and K. A. Qaraqe, ‘A Stochastic Sizing Approach for Sharing-Based Energy Storage Applications’, in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1075–1084, May 2017, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2015.2466078.
V. Sharma, S. M. Aziz, M. H. Haque and T. Kauschke, “Energy Economy of Households With Photovoltaic System and Battery Storage Under Time of Use Tariff With Demand Charge,” in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 33069–33082, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3158677.
M. Aziz, H. Dagdougui and I. Elhallaoui, “A Decentralized Game Theoretic Approach for Virtual Storage System Aggregation in a Residential Community,” in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 34846–34857, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3162143.
R. Khezri, A. Mahmoudi and M. H. Haque, ‘Optimal Capacity of Solar PV and Battery Storage for Australian Grid-Connected Households’, in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 5319–5329, Sept.–Oct. 2020.
J. Li, ‘Optimal sizing of grid-connected photovoltaic battery systems for residential houses in Australia’, Renewable Energy, vol. 136, pp. 1245–1254, Jun. 2019.
I. Alsaidan, A. Khodaei and W. Gao, ‘A Comprehensive Battery Energy Storage Optimal Sizing Model for Microgrid Applications’, in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 3968–3980, July 2018.
A. Paudel, K. Chaudhari, C. Long and H. B. Gooi, ‘Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading in a Prosumer-Based Community Microgrid: A Game-Theoretic Model’, in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 6087–6097, Aug. 2019.
M. N. Akter, M. A. Mahmud, M. E. Haque, Amanullah M.T. Oo, ‘A Transactive Energy Trading Framework for Community Microgrids in Residential Multi-Dwelling Apartment Buildings’, Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM) 2019 IEEE, pp. 1–5, 2019.
C. Long, J. Wu, C. Zhang, L. Thomas, M. Cheng and N. Jenkins, ‘Peer-to-peer energy trading in a community microgrid’, 2017 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1–5, 2017.
Mohsen Khorasany, Yateendra Mishra, Gerard Ledwich, ‘A Decentralized Bilateral Energy Trading System for Peer-to-Peer Electricity Markets’, Industrial Electronics IEEE Transactions on, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 4646–4657, 2020.
Khizir Mahmud, Mohammad Sohrab Hasan Nizami, Jayashri Ravishankar, M. Jahangir Hossain, Pierluigi Siano, ‘Multiple Home-to-Home Energy Transactions for Peak Load Shaving’, Industry Applications IEEE Transactions on, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 1074–1085, 2020.
Mian Hu, Yan-Wu Wang, Xiangning Lin, Yang Shi, ‘A Decentralized Periodic Energy Trading Framework for Pelagic Islanded Microgrids’, Industrial Electronics IEEE Transactions on, vol. 67, no. 9, pp. 7595–7605, 2020.
M. L. Di Silvestre, P. Gallo, M. G. Ippolito, E. R. Sanseverino and G. Zizzo, ‘A Technical Approach to the Energy Blockchain in Microgrids’, in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 4792–4803, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TII.2018.2806357.
Jasiński, Jakub, Mariusz Kozakiewicz, and Maciej Sołtysik, “Determinants of Energy Cooperatives’ Development in Rural Areas – Evidence from Poland,” Energies 14, no. 2: 319, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020319.
Renliang Liu, Yong Chen, Zhe Tan, Chao Liu, Kun Yang, Liang Pei, “Research on Cooperative Optimization Control Strategy of Multitype Energy Sources”, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol. 2021, Article ID 1207430, 13 pages, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1207430.
Lee, S., Shenoy, P., Ramamritham, K. et al. AutoShare: Virtual community solar and storage for energy sharing. Energy Inform 4, 10 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-021-00144-w
Y. Chen, W. Wei, H. Wang, Q. Zhou and J. P. S. Catalão, “An Energy Sharing Mechanism Achieving the Same Flexibility as Centralized Dispatch,” in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 3379–3389, July 2021, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2021.3060380.
W. Tushar, T. K. Saha, C. Yuen, D. Smith and H. V. Poor, ‘Peer-to-Peer Trading in Electricity Networks: An Overview’, in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 3185–3200, July 2020.
A. M. Eltamaly, M. A. Alotaibi, A. I. Alolah and M. A. Ahmed, “A Novel Demand Response Strategy for Sizing of Hybrid Energy System With Smart Grid Concepts,” in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 20277–20294, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3052128.
Vandana Singhal B.R. Gupta, “Power System Operation and Control”. Published by S. Chand & Company Ltd. Sultan Chand & Company. ISBN 10: 8121932327 ISBN 13: 9788121932325.
http://www.powerqualityworld.com/2011/05/ups-sizing-battery-capacity.html
“IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) Systems,” in IEEE Std 1013-2019 (Revision of IEEE Std 1013-2007), vol., no., pp. 1–50, 20 Sept. 2019, doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2019.8845030.
Adam P. Piotrowski, Jaroslaw J. Napiorkowski, Agnieszka E. Piotrowska, “Population size in Particle Swarm Optimization,” Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, Volume58, pp. 100718, 2020, ISSN 2210-6502, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2020.100718
X. Ma, S. Liu, H. Liu and S. Zhao, “The Selection of Optimal Structure for Stand-Alone Micro-Grid Based on Modeling and Optimization of Distributed Generators,” in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 40642–40660, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3164514.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2014). Commercial and Residential Hourly Load Profiles for all TMY3 Locations in the United States [data set]. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.25984/1788456.
