Optimal Control of Hybrid Power System Integrated with Distributed Generation and Electric Vehicle
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13052/dgaej2156-3306.3819Keywords:
Load frequency control (LFC), hybrid power system (HPS), optimization technique, robust control, electric vehicle (EV)Abstract
This study presents load-frequency-control of a two-area hybrid power system (HPS) incorporating distributed generation, geo-thermal plant, thermal plant and electric-vehicle. Such a complex system with non-linearities leads the power system towards more complexity and accordingly requires a resilient controller to handle such complexity. In this regard, optimal cascaded proportional integral – multistage proportional integral derivative (cascaded PI-MSPID) is explored for developed power system. The efficiency of optimal controller is validated by comparing it with other controllers. The influence of flywheel energy storage on system dynamics is demonstrated. Further, the electric vehicle’s participation in enhancing the system stability is presented. Moreover, the developed system is subjected to an intense load deviation which is a practical data taken from one of the literature. It is demonstrated that responses achieved for proposed cascaded PI-MSPID controller effectively handles the system disturbances, which reflects the strength of proposed cascaded PI-MSPID controller.
Downloads
References
Z. Farooq, A. Rahman, S.A. Lone, ‘Load frequency control of multi-source electrical power system integrated with solar-thermal and electric vehicle,’Int Trans Electr Energ Syst., 31: e12918. https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.12918, 2021.
O.I. Elgerd, C.E. Fosha, ‘Optimum megawatt-frequency control of multiarea electric energy systems’, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus System PAS-89(4), pp. 556–563, 1970.
Z. Farooq, A. Rahman and S. A. Lone, ‘Fuzzy and MBO optimized Load Frequency Control of hybrid Power System,’ 2021 IEEE 18th India Council International Conference (INDICON), 2021, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/INDICON52576.2021.9691624.
S. Safiullah, A. Rahman, M. A. Aftab and S. M. Suhail Hussain, ‘Performance study of ADRC and PID for concurrent Frequency-Voltage Control of Electric Vehicle Incorporated Hybrid Power System,’ 2022 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid, and Renewable Energy (PESGRE), 2022, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/PESGRE52268.2022.9715937.
R. K. Sahu, S. Panda, U. K. Rout, ‘Teaching learning based optimization algorithm for automatic generation control of power system using 2-DOF PID controller’, International Journal of Electric Power & Energy Systems, 31, pp. 287–301, 2016.
L. C. Saikia, J. Nanda, S. Mishra, ‘Performance comparison of several classical controllers in AGC for multi-area interconnected thermal system’, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 33, pp. 394–401, 2011.
J. Nanda, S. Mishra, L. C. Saikia, ‘Maiden application of bacterial foraging based optimization technique in multi area automatic generation control’, IEEE Transanctions on Power Systems, 24, pp. 602–609, 2009.
Y. Wang, R. Zhou,C. Wen, ‘New robust adaptive load-frequency control with system parametric uncertainties’, IEE Proceedings – Generation, Transmission and Distribution., 141, (3), pp. 184–190, 1994.
K. R. Sudha, R.V. Shanthi, ‘Load frequency control of an interconnected reheat thermal system using type-2 fuzzy system including SMES units’, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 43(1), pp. 1383–1392, 2012.
P. Dash, L. C. Saikia, N. Sinha, ‘Flower pollination algorithm optimized PIPD cascade controller in automatic generation control of a multi-area power system’, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 82, pp. 19–28, 2016.
J. Nanda, A. Mangla, S. Suri, ‘Some new findings on automatic generation control of an interconnected hydrothermal system with conventional controllers’, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 21(1), pp. 187–194, 2006.
M. L. Kothari, J. Nanda, ‘Application of optimal control strategy to automatic generation control of a hydrothermal system’, IEE Proceedings D (Control Theory and Applications), 135(4), pp. 268–274, 1988.
D. Saha, L. C. Saikia, ‘Performance of FACTS and energy storage devices in a multi area wind-hydro-thermal system employed with SFS optimized I-PDF controller’, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 9(2), pp. 1–19, 2017.
I. Hussain, S. Ranjan, D. C. Das, et al, ‘Performance analysis of flower pollination algorithm optimized PID controller for wind-PV-SMES-BESS diesel autonomous hybrid power system’, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research-IJRER 7(2), pp. 643–651, 2017.
M. Raju, L. C. Saikia, N. Sinha, ‘Load frequency control of multi-area hybrid power system using symbiotic organisms search optimized two degree of freedom controller’, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research-IJRER, 7(4), pp. 1663–1674, 2017.
S. K. Pandey, S. R. Mohanty, N. Kishor, et al., ‘Frequency regulation in hybrid power systems using particle swarm optimization and linear matrix inequalities based robust controller design’, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 63, pp. 887–900, 2014.
D. Das, A. Roy and N. Sinha, ‘GA based frequency controller for solar thermal–diesel–wind hybrid energy generation/energy storage system’, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 43(1), pp. 262–279, 2012.
W. Tasnin, L. C. Saikia, Comparative performance of different energy storage devices in AGC of multi-source system including geothermal power plant’, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 10, pp. 024101, 2018.
C. F. Lu, C. C. Liu, C.J. Wu, ‘Effect of battery energy storage system on load frequency control considering governor dead band and generation rate constraint’, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 10(3), pp. 555–561, 1995.
M. Ponnusamy, B. Banakara, S. S. Dash, et al., ‘Design of integral controller for load frequency control of static synchronous series compensator and capacitive energy source based multi area system consisting of diverse sources of generation employing imperialistic competition algorithm’, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 73, pp. 863–871, 2015.
A. Pappachen, A. P. Fathima, ‘Load frequency control in deregulated power system integrated with SMES–TCPS combination using ANFIS controller’, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 82, pp. 519–534, 2016.
M. Cheng, S. Sami and J. Wu, ‘Benefits of using virtual energy storage system for power system frequency response’, Applied Energy, 194, pp. 376–385, 2017.
H. Liu, K. Huang, Y. Yang, H. Wei and S. Ma, ‘Real-time vehicle-to-grid control for frequency regulation with high frequency regulating signal’, Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, 3(1), pp. 1–8, 2018.
S. Safiullah, A. Rahman, S.A. Lone, ‘State-observer based IDD controller for concurrent frequency-voltage control of a hybrid power system with electric vehicle uncertainties,’ Int Trans Electr Energ Syst., 31(11): e13083. doi:10.1002/2050-7038.13083, 2021.
S. Safiullah, A. Rahman, S.A. Lone, ‘Optimal control of electrical vehicle incorporated hybrid power system with second order fractional-active disturbance rejection controller,’ Optim Control Appl Meth., 1–30. doi:10.1002/oca.2826, 2021.
K.P. Singh Parmar, S. Majhi, D.P. Kothari, ‘Load frequency control of a realistic power system with multi-source power generation’, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 42(1), pp. 426–433, 2012.
M. Kazemi, M. Karrari and M. Menhaj, ‘Decentralized robust adaptive-output feedback controller for power system load frequency control’, Electrical Engineering, 84(2), pp. 75–83, 2002.
M. Azzam, ‘Robust automatic generation control’, Energy Conversion and Management, 40(13), pp. 1413–1421, 1999.
M. Ebrahim, M. Becherif and A. Abdelaziz, ‘PID-/FOPID -based frequency control of zero-carbon multisources-based interconnected power systems under deregulated scenarios’, International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 31(2), 2020.
B. Sonker, D. Kumar and P. Samuel, ‘Design of two degree of freedom-internal model control configuration for load frequency control using model approximation’, International Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 39(1), pp. 27–37, 2018.
J. Singh, K. Chattterjee and C. Vishwakarma, ‘Two degree of freedom internal model control-PID design for LFC of power systems via logarithmic approximations’, ISA Transactions, 72, pp. 185–196, 2018.
D. Sharma and S. Mishra, “Disturbance-Observer-Based Frequency Regulation Scheme for Low-Inertia Microgrid Systems”, IEEE Systems Journal, 14(1), pp. 782–792, 2020.
A. Dev, S. Anand and M. Sarkar, ‘Nonlinear disturbance observer based adaptive super twisting sliding mode load frequency control for nonlinear interconnected power network’, Asian Journal of Control, 23(5), pp. 2484–2494, 2020.
A. Kumar, M. Anwar and S. Kumar, ‘Sliding mode controller design for frequency regulation in an interconnected power system’, Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, 6(1), 2021.
Z. Farooq, A. Rahman and S. A. Lone, ‘System dynamics and control of EV incorporated deregulated power system using MBO-optimized cascaded ID-PD controller’, International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 31(11), 2021.
Z. Farooq, A. Rahman, S.M.S. Hussain, T.S. Ustun, ‘Power Generation Control of Renewable Energy Based Hybrid Deregulated Power System,’ Energies, 15, 517. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020517, 2022.
Z. Farooq, A. Rahman and S. A. Lone, ‘Power generation control of restructured hybrid power system with FACTS and energy storage devices using optimal cascaded fractional-order controller,’ Optim Control Appl Meth., 1–30. doi:10.1002/oca.2850, 2022.
M. Mohamed, A. Diab, H. Rezk and T. Jin, ‘A novel adaptive model predictive controller for load frequency control of power systems integrated with DFIG wind turbines’, Neural Computing and Applications, 32(11), pp. 7171–7181, 2019.
D. Rangaswami and P. Sennappan, ‘Load frequency control using multi-stage fuzzy logic controller for wind-micro hydro-diesel hybrid power system’, Journal of Vibration and Control, 19(7), pp. 1004–1014, 2012.
Nikhil Pathak, Ashu Verma, Terlochan Singh Bhatti, Ibraheem Nasiruddin, Haocheng Luo & Zechun Hu, ‘Generation Rate Constraints Physical Identification and Modeling in AGC of Multi-Area Power Systems’, Electric Power Components and Systems, 47:11-12, pp. 966–984, 2019.
S. Abd-Elazim and E. Ali, ‘Load frequency controller design of a two-area system composing of PV grid and thermal generator via firefly algorithm’, Neural Computing and Applications, 30(2), pp. 607–616, 2016.
B. Dhanasekaran, S. Siddhan and J. Kaliannan, ‘Ant colony optimization technique tuned controller for frequency regulation of single area nuclear power generating system’, Microprocessors and Microsystems, 73, p. 102953, 2020.
M. Sobhy, A. Abdelaziz, H. Hasanien and M. Ezzat, ‘Marine predators algorithm for load frequency control of modern interconnected power systems including renewable energy sources and energy storage units’, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 12(4), pp. 3843–3857, 2021.
H. Hasanien and A. El-Fergany, ‘Symbiotic organisms search algorithm for automatic generation control of interconnected power systems including wind farms’, IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 11(7), pp. 1692–1700, 2016.
D. Guha, P. Roy and S. Banerjee, ‘Symbiotic organism search algorithm applied to load frequency control of multi-area power system’, Energy Systems, 9(2), pp. 439–468, 2017.
D. Guha, P. Roy and S. Banerjee, ‘Application of backtracking search algorithm in load frequency control of multi-area interconnected power system’, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 9(2), pp. 257–276, 2018.
S. Singh, T. Prakash, V. Singh and M. Babu, ‘Analytic hierarchy process based automatic generation control of multi-area interconnected power system using Jaya algorithm’, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 60 (2), pp. 35–44, 2017.
D. Guha, P. Roy and S. Banerjee, ‘Load frequency control of interconnected power system using grey wolf optimization’, Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, 27, pp. 97–115, 2016.
R. Bhatt, G. Parmar, R. Gupta, ‘Whale optimized PID controllers for LFC of two area interconnected thermal power plants’, ICTACT Journal on Microelectronics (IJME). 3(4) 467–472, 2018.
G.-G. Wang, A. H. Gandomi and A. H. Alavi, ‘an effective krill herd algorithm with migration operator in biogeography-based optimization’, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 38(9), pp. 2454–2462, 2014.
AK Barik, DC Das, ‘Coordinated regulation of voltage and load frequency in demand response supported biorenewable cogeneration-based isolated hybrid microgrid with quasi-oppositional selfish herd optimisation’ Int Trans Electr Energy Syst. 30(1):e12176. 2020.
F. Fayaz & G. L. Pahuja, ‘Disturbance Rejection Based Controller for Frequency Control of Restructured Power System,’ IETE Journal of Research, DOI: 10.1080/03772063.2021.2021824, 2022
