Enhancing Entrepreneurial Orientation among Women: A Multi Regression Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13052/jrss0974-8024.1716Keywords:
Entrepreneurial orientation, self-esteem, self-efficacy, locus of controlAbstract
The survival, growth and prosperity of any region depend upon its economy. While the government undertakes every step it can take to boost the economy of a region, it cannot uplift the economy alone. The entrepreneurs play a pivotal role in assisting the government in completing this Herculean task. The contribution of entrepreneurs is even more significant in small states like Uttarakhand, which is still in its nascent state after being carved out in 2000 as the 27th state of India. The hilly terrains, remoteness from the center, and extreme climate all contribute to making its economy more contingent upon the entrepreneurial ventures of the indigenous people. While there is a surge of entrepreneurial activities in urban areas close to the plains, there is a dearth of such endeavors in the hilly areas. The situation is graver in the rural areas of the hilly region, especially for women as most of them lack awareness, resources and support and are primarily engaged in agricultural and husbandry activities. A paradigm change is required for the inclusion of such women for the holistic and heuristic development of the economy. This demands a shift from an agrarian to an entrepreneurial civilization. However, entrepreneurial orientation cannot be developed overnight and in isolation. It requires the instillation of personality characteristics. In the present paper, the researchers have identified three personality variables: – self-esteem, self-efficacy, and locus of control as the antecedents of entrepreneurial orientation and, using multiple regression, have explored the contribution of these personality variables to entrepreneurial orientation among women in the hilly region of Uttarakhand. The data for the present study were collected using stratified sampling and structured questionnaires from 200 women in the age group of 18 years to 40 years. The finding revealed that the personality variables accounted for 66.5 % of the variation in entrepreneurial orientation. Further, it also revealed that locus of control (LOC) contributed most to the development of entrepreneurial orientation (EO), followed by self-efficacy and self-esteem.
Downloads
References
De Clercq, D., Kaciak, E., and Thongpapanl, N. (2022). Happy at home, successful in competition: the beneficial role of happiness and entrepreneurial orientation for women entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 28(6), 1463–1488.
Raman, R., Subramaniam, N., Nair, V. K., Shivdas, A., Achuthan, K., and Nedungadi, P. (2022). Women entrepreneurship and sustainable development: bibliometric analysis and emerging research trends. Sustainability, 14(15), 9160.
Mamgain, R. P. (2004). Employment, migration and livelihoods in the hill economy of Uttaranchal.
Kogut, C.S. (2022). Female entrepreneurship in emerging markets: challenges of running a business in turbulent contexts and times. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. 14(1), 95–116.
Branden, N. (1994). Working with self-esteem in psychotherapy. Directions in Clinical Psychology, 4, 1–13.
Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., and Pastorelli, C. (2001). Self-efficacy beliefs as shapers of children’s aspirations and career trajectories. Child development, 72(1), 187–206.
Elrayah, M. (2022). Improving teaching professionals’ satisfaction through the development of self-efficacy, engagement, and stress control: A cross-sectional study. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri, 22(1), 1–12.
Bandura, A. (2011). A social cognitive perspective on positive psychology. International Journal of Social Psychology, 26(1), 7–20.
Bandura, A., and Evans, R. I. (2006). Albert Bandura. Insight Media.
Han, B., Song, Y., Li, C., Yang, W., Ma, Q., Jiang, Z., … and Gao, Q. (2021). Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in healthy children and adolescents: a double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(12), 1645–1653.
Rotter, G. S., and Portugal, S. M. (1969). Group and individual effects in problem solving. Journal of Applied Psychology, 53(4), 338.
Lumpkin, G. T., and Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of management Review, 21(1), 135–172.
Covin, J. G., and Wales, W. J. (2019). Crafting high-impact entrepreneurial orientation research: Some suggested guidelines. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 43(1), 3–18.
Miller, D. (1983). The Emergence of the Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) construct. Foundation Research in Entrepreneurship. Journal of Management Sciences.
Westfall, R. S., Millar, M., and Walsh, M. (2020). Effects of self-esteem threat on Physical Attractiveness Stereotypes. Psychological reports, 123(6), 2551–2561.
Gardner, D. G., and Pierce, J. L. (1998). Self-esteem and self-efficacy within the organizational context: An empirical examination. Group & Organization Management, 23(1), 48–70.
Lippke, S. (2020). Self-efficacy. Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences, 4713–4719.
Judge, T. A. (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Research in organizational behavior, 19, 151–188.
Judge, T. A., and Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations traits – self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability – with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of applied Psychology, 86(1), 80.
Ferris, D. L., Lian, H., Brown, D. J., Pang, F. X., and Keeping, L. M. (2010). Self-esteem and job performance: The moderating role of self-esteem contingencies. Personnel Psychology, 63(3), 561–593.
Vogelsang, L. (2015). Individual entrepreneurial orientation: An assessment of students (Doctoral dissertation, Humboldt State University).
Roberts, L. P., and Robinson, P. B. (2010). Home-based entrepreneurs, commercial entrepreneurs and white-collar workers: a comparative study of attitudes toward self-esteem, personal control and business growth. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 23(3), 333–353.
Koestner, R., and McClelland, D. C. (1992). The affiliation motive.
Bateman, T. S., and Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of organizational behavior, 14(2), 103–118.
Lumpkin, G. T., and Erdogan, B. (2004). If not entrepreneurship, can psychological characteristics predict entrepreneurial orientation? A pilot study. The ICFAI Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 1(1), 21–33.
Miller, D. (1983). The Emergence of the Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) construct. Foundation Research in Entrepreneurship. Journal of Management Sciences.
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological monographs: General and applied, 80(1), 1.
Chen, X. B., Mawby, P. A., Board, K., and Salama, C. A. T. (1998). Theory of a novel voltage-sustaining layer for power devices. Microelectronics journal, 29(12), 1005–1011.
Todorovic, Z. W., McNaughton, R. B., and Guild, P. (2011). ENTRE-U: An entrepreneurial orientation scale for universities. Technovation, 31(2–3), 128–137.
Heatherton, T. F., and Polivy, J. (1991). Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 60(6), 895.
Tschannen-Moran, M., Hoy, A. W., and Hoy, W. K. (1998). Teacher efficacy: Its meaning and measure. Review of educational research, 68(2), 202–248.
Ferguson, E. (1993). Rotter’s locus of control scale: A ten-item two-factor model. Psychological Reports, 73(3_suppl), 1267–1278.
