Climate Change Implications on Middle Eastern Geography and Stability – A Case Studies of GCC- with a Focus on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Authors

  • Mohamad Mokdad International Consultant at PGS University, France, CEO of Intelligentsia Center for Research and Studies, Lebanon
  • Haila Al-Mekaimi The head of the Political Science Department at Kuwait University, Member of the Advisory Board of the Supreme Council of Leaders of the GCC
  • Medani P. Bhandari Editor in Chief – Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment, Professor, Senior Vice President, Akamai University, USA, Sumy State University, Ukraine and Gandaki University, Nepal

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.13052/spee1048-5236.43413

Keywords:

Climate change, middle eastern geography, political stability, environmental impact, socioeconomic factors, regional security, GCC, Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, climate change in the GCC, Saudi Green initiative, policy recommendations

Abstract

The environment constitutes the natural setting where humans reside, secure food sources, and utilize natural resources to fulfill their material and life necessities. Unlike other creatures, humans have not adapted to nature and the surrounding environment; instead, they have manipulated it to their advantage, disrupting the ecological balance. The primary catalyst for this disruption was the Industrial Revolution, which significantly increased pollution rates, harmful emissions, and the extraction of raw materials, thereby intensifying the exploitation of natural resources. The gravest concern is that the damage inflicted upon nature may reach a point of no return, with catastrophic and enduring consequences, such as global warming, ice melting, rising sea levels, and escalation in greenhouse gases, along with severe repercussions of these events, including an increase in mortality rates due to natural disasters. Effective responses necessitate actions at various levels, including cultural and educational initiatives and international measures, particularly in legislation. Such laws must enforce stringent controls on emissions from industrial and automotive sources. Individuals are called upon to conserve electricity and water, and adopting renewable energy sources, such as solar, hydro, wind, and tidal energy, that do not rely on fuel combustion is encouraged. Planting trees, which absorb carbon dioxide as a primary contributor to global warming, is among the most critical measures we can undertake. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is essential in combating climate change in this arena, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is leading in this. This paper elaborates on the impact of climate change in Middle Eastern countries using a brief case study of the Saudi Green Initiatives. The paper also presents the policy recommendations to the concerned stakeholders of the GCC and the government of Saidi Arabia.

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Author Biographies

Mohamad Mokdad, International Consultant at PGS University, France, CEO of Intelligentsia Center for Research and Studies, Lebanon

Mohamad Mokdad holds a double Ph.D. in International Relations and Geopolitics. He is an expert in international security, specializing in the MENA region. He has a rich academic background and diverse professional experience in international relations, strategic management, social policies, and humanitarian law. He is the CEO of Intelligentsia Center for Research and Studies and an International Consultant at PGS University of Paris. Dr. Mokdad’s impressive record of publications in major indexed journals affirms his significant contributions to his field.

Haila Al-Mekaimi, The head of the Political Science Department at Kuwait University, Member of the Advisory Board of the Supreme Council of Leaders of the GCC

Haila Al-Mekaimi is a professor in the political science department at Kuwait University and a member of the consultative committee of the Higher Council for GCC leaders. She served as the government’s Undersecretary for the Ministry of Information for media planning and development (2013–2017). She established and Headed the Euro-Gulf research center at Kuwait University (2005–2009). She obtained her Ph.D. in political science from Boston College and her M.A. from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

She is interested in GCC-Eurasian Studies, Democratic Transition, women’s empowerment, and Political Islam. Her recent publication is “Geopolitics in the International System” (2023). She is a columnist for Al-Qabas newspaper, Al-Nahar Kuwaiti newspaper, and Araa Hawl Al-Khaleej magazine (Views about Gulf), a Saudi monthly magazine published in Jeddah. She has numerous publications in major indexed Journals in Arabic and English.

Medani P. Bhandari, Editor in Chief – Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment, Professor, Senior Vice President, Akamai University, USA, Sumy State University, Ukraine and Gandaki University, Nepal

Medani P. Bhandari is a widely recognized humanitarian, professor, author, and editor who has significantly contributed to social and environmental sciences. With expertise in social equity, inequality, inclusion, innovation, feminism, sustainability, climate change, and social and environmental policies and management, Dr. Bhandari has dedicated his career to these important areas. In addition to his extensive scholarly work, Dr. Bhandari is a poet, essayist, and advocate for the environment and social causes. His expertise expands to global and international environmental politics and justice, climate change, sustainable development, public/social policy, the non-profit sector, renewable energy, nature, culture, and power. He has gained field experience across diverse regions, including Asia, Africa, North America, Western Europe, Australia, Japan, and the Middle East. Dr. Bhandari has authored and co-edited several books, including Green Web-II: Standards and Perspectives from the IUCN, 2nd Edition, Getting the Climate Science Facts Right: The Role of the IPCC, Reducing Inequalities Towards Sustainable Development Goals: Multilevel Approach, Educational Transformation, Economic Inequality – Trends, Traps, and Trade-offs, Social Inequality as a Global Challenge, The Unbeatable Challenges of Inequality, Perspectives on Sociological Theories, Methodological Debates, and Organizational Sociology, The Past, Present, and Future Directions of Migration/Immigration, Theories, and Practices of Global Journeys, Transforming Futures – Navigating Society, Environment, and Governance, Live and Let Others Live – In Reference to Sustainability and Environment Conservation, Navigating Sustainability: A Comparative Analysis of Micro vs. Macro Strategies in the least Developed Countries, The Nexus of Climate Change and Land-use – Global Scenario with Reference to Nepal, Women and Society etc.. Social Inequality – Past, Present, and Future (in which 15 African Countries’ case studies are included), etc. Furthermore, Dr. Bhandari’s creative writing encompasses a vast collection of poems and essays. He has published three volumes of poetry in collaboration with Prajita Bhandari. Dr. Bhandari’s multifaceted contributions to academia, humanitarianism, and creative writing have solidified his reputation as an esteemed figure in social and environmental sciences, profoundly impacting social equity, sustainability, climate change, and beyond. Professor Bhandari holds five master’s degrees in social and environmental sciences and a PhD in sociology. For 45 years, he has been actively involved in environmental conservation and humanitarian efforts through nonprofit and academic platforms. Guided by the philosophy that all living and non-living beings are interconnected (“Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”) and the principle of “Live and Let Others Live,” his work reflects a deep commitment to the well-being of our planet and its inhabitants. He serves as an International Program Director at the New York-based NGO Atlantic State Legal Foundation in Syracuse, NY; a professor at Akamai University, USA, and Sumy State University, Ukraine; and an advisor to Gandaki University, Nepal. He is also the UNEP Civil Society Regional Facilitator for North America and the Lead Author of UNEP GEO 7. https://www.amazon.com/Books-Medani-P-Bhandari/s?rh=n\%3A283155\%2Cp_27\%3AMedani+P.+Bhandari https://novapublishers.com/?s=medani+bhandari&post_type=product (books link) https://english.dcnepal.com/category/opinion/ (opinions) https://www.linkedin.com/in/medani-bhandari-ph-d-8611a018/

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Published

2024-10-30

How to Cite

Mokdad, M. ., Al-Mekaimi, H. ., & Bhandari, M. P. . (2024). Climate Change Implications on Middle Eastern Geography and Stability – A Case Studies of GCC- with a Focus on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment, 43(04), 1113–1148. https://doi.org/10.13052/spee1048-5236.43413

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2024: Vol 43 Iss 4

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Articles