Convergence Analysis in Deterministic 3D Ray Launching Radio Channel Estimation in Complex Environments
Keywords:
Convergence analysis, 3D ray launching, radio channel simulation, radio wave propagationAbstract
In this paper, a convergence analysis to obtain the optimal calculation parameters in an inhouse 3D ray launching algorithm to model the radio wave propagation channel in complex indoor environments is presented. Results show that these parameters lead to accurate estimations with reduced computational time. In addition, simulation results of an indoor complex scenario in terms of received power and power delay profile are presented, showing significant influence of multipath propagation in an indoor radio channel. The adequate election of simulation parameters given by convergence conditions, can aid in optimizing required computational time.
Downloads
References
M. Hata, “Empirical formula for propagation loss in land mobile radio services,” IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propag., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 317-325, 1980.
F. Ikegami, S. Yoshida, T. Takeuchi and M. Umehira, “Propagation factors controlling mean field strength on urban streets,” IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propag., vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 822-829, 1984.
S. Phaiboon and P. Phokharatkul, “Path loss prediction for low-rise buildings with image classification on 2-D aerial photographs,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research, vol. 95, pp. 135- 152, 2009.
S. H. Lee, “A photon modeling method for the characterization of indoor optical wireless communication,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research, vol. 92, pp. 121-136, 2009.
D. J. Y. Lee and W. C. Y. Lee, “Propagation prediction in and through buildings,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech., vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1529-1533, 2000.
S. Y. Tan and H. S. Tan, “A microcellular communications propagation model based on the uniform theory of diffraction and multiple image theory,” IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propag., vol 44, no. 10, pp. 1317-1326, 1996.
A. G. Kanatas, I. D. Kountouris, G. B. Kostaras and P. Constantinou, “A UTD propagation model in urban microcellular environments,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech., vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 185-193, 1997.
A. G. Dimitriou and G. D. Sergiadis, “Architectural features and urban propagation,” IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propag., vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 774-784, 2006.
M. Franceschetti, J. Bruck and L. J. Schulman, “A random walk model of wave propagation,” IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propag., vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1304-1317, 2004.
J. Blas Prieto, R. M. Lorenzo Toledo, P. Fernández Reguero, E. J. Abril, A. Bahillo Martínez, S. Mazuelas Franco and D. Bullido, “A new metric to analyze propagation models,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research, vol. 91, pp. 101-121,
J. W. Schuster and R. J. Luebbers, “Comparison of GTD and FDTD predictions for UHF radio wave propagation in a simple outdoor urban environment,” IEEE Antennas and Propag. Society International Symposium, vol. 3, pp. 2022-2025, 1997.
S. Y. Seidel and T. S. Rappaport, “Site-specific propagation prediction for wireless in-building personal communication system design,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 879-891, 1994.
C. F. Yang, “A ray-tracing method for modeling indoor wave propagation and penetration,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 907-919, 1998.
R. G. Kouyoumjian and P. H. Pathak, “A uniform theory of diffraction for an edge in a perfectly conducting surface,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 1448-1462, 1974.
G. Gennarelli and G. Riccio, “A uapo-based model for propagation prediction in microcellular environments,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research B., vol. 17, pp. 101-116, 2009.
H. W. Son and N. H. Myung, “A deterministic ray tube method for microcellular wave propagation prediction model,” IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propag., vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 1344-1350, 1999.
A. Tayebi, J. Gómez, F. S. de Adana and O. Gutierrez, “The application of arrival and received signal strength in multipath indoor environments,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research, vol. 91, pp. 1-15, 2009.
H. B. Song, H. G. Wang, K. Hong and L. Wang, “A novel source localization scheme based on unitary esprit and city electronic maps in urban environments,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research, vol. 94, pp. 243-262, 2009.
H. Ling, R. C. Chou and S. W. Lee, “Shooting and bouncing rays: calculating the RCS of an arbitrarily shaped cavity,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 37, pp. 194-205, 1989.
F. Weinmann, “Ray tracing with PO/PTD for RCS modeling of large complex objects,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 54, nº. 6, pp. 1797-1806, 2006.
T. Griesser and C. A. Balanis, “Backscatter analysis of dihedral corner reflectors using physical optics and the physical theory of diffraction,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 35, pp. 1137-1147, October 1987.
F. Weinmann, “UTD shooting-and-bouncing extension to a PO/PTD ray tracing algorithm,” Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, vol. 24, nº. 3, pp. 281-293, 2009.
J. P. Rossi and Y. Gabillet, “A mixed ray launching/tracing method for full 3-D UHF propagation modeling and comparison with wideband measurements,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 50, nº. 4, pp. 517- 523, 2002.
B. Choudhury, H. Singh, J. P. Bommer and R. M. Jha, “RF field mapping inside a large passengeraircraft cabin using a refined ray-tracing algorithm,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 55, nº. 1, pp. 276-288, 2013.
L. Azpilicueta, F. Falcone, J. J. Astráin, J. Villadangos, I. J. García Zuazola, H. Landaluce, I. Angulo and A. Perallos, “Measurement and modeling of a UHF-RFID system in a metallic closed vehicle,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 54, issue 9, pp. 2126- 2130, 2012.
J. A. Nazábal, P. López Iturri, L. Azpilicueta, F. Falcone and C. Fernández-Valdivielso, “Performance analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 compliant wireless devices for heterogeneous indoor home automation environments,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2012.
S. Led, L. Azpilicueta, E. Aguirre, M. Martínez de Espronceda, L. Serrano and F. Falcone, “Analysis and description of HOLTIN service provision for AECG monitoring in complex indoor environments,” Sensors, vol. 13, issue 4, pp. 4947- 4960, 2013.
P. López Iturri, J. A. Nazábal, L. Azpilicueta, P. Rodriguez, M. Beruete, C. Fernández-Valdivielso and F. Falcone, “Impact of high power interference sources in planning and deployment of wireless sensor networks and devices in the 2.4 GHz frequency band in heterogeneous environments,” Sensors, vol. 12, issue 11, pp. 15689-15708, 2012.
A. Cardama Aznar, “Antenas,” Edicions UPC, 1993.
H. D. Hristov, “Fresnel zones in wireless links, zone plate lenses and antennas,” Artech House, Inc., 2000.
Recomendattion UIT-R, p. 526-11, s. l., “Propagación por difracción, serie p. propagación de las ondas radioeléctricas,” October 2009.
R. J. Luebbers, “A heuristic UTD slope diffraction coefficient for rough lossy wedges,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 37, pp. 206-211, 1989.
R. J. Luebbers, “Comparison of lossy wedge diffraction coefficients with application to mixed path propagation loss prediction,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 36, nº. 7, pp. 1031-1034, 1988.
C. A. Balanis, “Advanced engineering electromagnetics,” Wiley New York, vol. 205, 1989.
