Accuracy Comparisons of Channel Emulation Methods for Two-dimensional Uniform and Three-dimensional Sectored Multi-probe Anechoic Chamber
Keywords:
Multi-probe anechoic chamber (MPAC), over-the-air (OTA), pre-faded signal synthesis (PFS), plane wave synthesis (PWS)Abstract
Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) over-the- air (OTA) testing has been seen as a promising solution for evaluation of the radio performance of MIMO devices. In this work, we compare the accuracy of two channel emulation methods, i.e., the prefaded signal synthesis (PFS) and the plane wave synthesis (PWS), in two-dimensional (2D) uniform and 3D sectored multi-probe anechoic chamber (MPAC), respectively. The PWS method is proven to be more accurate than the PFS for 2D uniform MPAC system. However, for 3D sectored MPAC system, the PFS method emerged to be better than the PWS method. To explain these seemingly contradicting findings, both the required number of active probes and the leakage of power spectrum are considered in this paper. It is found that the PWS method has higher emulation accuracy than the PFS method when the number of active probes becomes sufficiently large, whereas the PFS is more robust to the undersampling due to the limited number of active probes in practical 3D sectored MPAC system. Moreover, when the number of active probes is particularly small (less than the number of clusters in the probe panel), the emulation accuracy of the PWS method outperform its counterpart.
Downloads
References
M. Abdullah, Q. Li, W. Xue, G. Peng, Y. He, and X. Chen, “Isolation enhancement of MIMO antennas using shorting pins,” Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 1249- 1263, July 2018.
A. Zaidi, F. Athley, J. Medbo, U. Gustavsson, G. Durisi, and X. Chen, 5G Physical Layer: Principles, Models and Technology Components, Academic Press, 2018.
Y. Li, W. Li, and W. Yu, “A multi-band/UWB MIMO/diversity antenna with an enhanced isolation using radial stub loaded resonator,” Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 8-20, Jan. 2013.
F. Faraz, X. Chen, Q. Li, J. Tang, J. Li, T. Khan, and X. Zhang, “Mutual coupling reduction of dual polarized low profile MIMO antenna using decoupling resonators,” Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 38-43, Jan. 2020.
K. Yu, Y. Li, and X. Liu, “Mutual coupling reduction of a MIMO antenna array using 3-D novel meta-material structures,” Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 758-763, July 2018.
W. Fan, P. Kyösti, Y. Ji, L. Hentilä, X. Chen, and G. F. Pedersen, “Experimental evaluation of user influence on test zone size in multi-probe anechoic chamber setups,” IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 18545- 18556, Sep. 2017.
W. Wang, H. Wang, H. Gao, Y. Wu, Y. Liu, and J. Gao, “Plane wave compensation technique for MIMO OTA testing in small multi-probe anechoic chamber,” IET Microwaves Antennas & Propagation, Apr. 2019.
X. Chen, W. Xue, H. Shi, J. Yi, and W. E. I. Sha, “Orbital angular momentum multiplexing in highly reverberant environments,” IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 112-115, Jan. 2020.
J. Tang, F. Li, J. Zheng, X. Chen, Y. Li, and J. Chen, “A new mode stirrer design for the reverberation chamber,” Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, in press.
W. Yu, Y. Qi, K. Liu, Y. Xu, and J. Fan, “Radiated two-stage method for LTE MIMO user equipment performance evaluation,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 1691-1696, Dec. 2014.
Y. Jing, H. Kong, and M. Rumney, “MIMO OTA test for a mobile station performance evaluation,” IEEE Instrument. Meas. Mag., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 43-50, June 2016.
CTIA, “Test Plan for 2x2 Downlink MIMO and Transmit Diversity Over-the-Air Performance,” Tech. Rep. Version 1.1.1, Sep. 2017.
W. Fan, X. Carreno, P. Kyosti, J. O. Nielsen, and G. F. Pedersen, “Ove r-the-air testing of MIMOcapable terminals: Evaluation of multiple-antenna systems in realistic multipath propagation environments using an OTA method,” IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 38-46, June 2015.
X. Chen, W. Fan, L. Hentilä, P. Kyösti, and G. F. Pedersen, “Throughput modeling and validations for MIMO-OTA testing with arbitrary multipath,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 637-640, Apr. 2018.
R. He, B. Ai, G. Wang, M. Yang, C. Huang, and Z. Zhong, “Wireless channel sparsity: Measurement, analysis, and exploitation in estimation,” IEEE Wireless Communications, in press.
F. Zhang, W. Fan, Y. Ji, M. Gustafsson, T. Jamsa, G. Steinböck, P. Kyösti, and G. F. Pedersen, “Performance testing of massive MIMO base station with multi-probe anechoic setups,” Proc. 12th Eur. Conf. Antennas Propag. (EUCAP), pp. 1- 5, Apr. 2018.
A. Khatun, V. M. Kolmonen, V. Hovinen, D. Parveg, M. Berg, K. Haneda, K. Nikoskinen, and E. Salonen, “Experimental verification of a planewave field synthesis technique for MIMO OTA antenna testing,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 3141-3150, July 2016.
P. Kyösti, T. Jämsä, and J.-P. Nuutinen, “Channel modelling for multiprobe over-the-air MIMO testing,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2012, Mar. 2012.
Y. Ji, W. Fan, G. F. Pedersen, and X. Wu, “On channel emulation methods in multiprobe anechoic chamber setups for over-the-air testing,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 6740-6751, Aug. 2018.
W. Fan, P. Kyösti, M. Romney, X. Chen, and G. F. Pedersen, “Over-the-air radiated testing of millimeter-wave beam-steerable devices in a costeffective measurement setup,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 64-71, July 2018.
H. Pei, X. Chen, W. Fan, M. Zhang, A. Zhang, and T. Svensson, “Comparisons of channel emulation methods for state-of-the-art multi-probe anechoic chamber based millimeter-wave over-the-air testing,” IEEE VTC-Fall, Honolulu, HI, Sep. 2019.
Y. Li, L. Xin, and X. Zhang, “On probe weighting for massive MIMO OTA testing based on angular spectrum similarity,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 18, pp. 1497-1501, July 2019.
S. Boyd and L. Vandenberghe, Convex Optimization. Cambridge University Press, Mar. 2004.
P. Stoica and R. L. Moses, Spectral Analysis of Signals. Pearson/Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2005.
TR 38.901, “Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz,” 3GPP, Tech. Rep. V14.1.1, July 2017.
