Measurement Uncertainty of Antenna Efficiency Measured Using the Two-Antenna Method in a Reverberation Chamber

Authors

  • Wei Xue School of Information and Communications Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, China
  • Yuxin Ren China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
  • Xiaoming Chen School of Information and Communications Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, China
  • Zhengpeng Wang Electronics and Information Engineering Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
  • Yingsong Li 1 College of Information and Communication Engineering Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China , 2 Key Laboratory of Microwave Remote Sensing National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
  • Yi Huang Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK.

Keywords:

Antenna efficiency, measurement uncertainty, reverberation chamber, two-antenna method, hybrid stirring

Abstract

With decades of development, the reverberation chamber (RC) has been proven to be a popular facility to determine antenna efficiency. One-, two- and three- antenna methods have been proposed to measure antenna efficiency without the need of a reference antenna. Due to the stochastic nature of RCbased measurements, the statistical analysis of the uncertainty is indispensable. Recently, the statistical uncertainty models for the one- and three-antenna methods were derived, however, the statistical model for the two-antenna method is still unknown to date. In this paper, the statistical uncertainty model of the twoantenna method is proposed. The approximated relative uncertainty is also given. The derived statistical uncertainty is verified by both simulations and measurements. It is experimentally verified that the statistical model can cope with hybrid stirring and assess the measurement uncertainty with and without frequency stirring in an efficient and convenient way.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

D. A. Hill, Electromagnetic Fields in Cavities: Deterministic and Statistical Theories. Piscataway, NJ, USA, USA: Wiley, 2009.

Q. Xu and Y. Huang, Anechoic and Reverberation Chambers: Theory, Design and Measurements. Wiley-IEEE, UK, 2019.

J. C. West and C. F. Bunting, “Effects of frequency stirring on reverberation chamber testing: An analysis as a radiation problem,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1345- 1352, Aug. 2019.

G. Andrieu and N. Ticaud, “Performance comparison and critical examination of the most popular stirring techniques in reverberation chambers using the ‘well-stirred’ condition method,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 3-15, Feb. 2020.

V. Rajamani, C. F. Bunting, and J. C. West, “Stirred-mode operation of reverberation chambers for EMC testing,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 61, no. 10, pp. 2759-2764, Oct. 2012.

K. A. Remley, C. J. Wang, D. F. Williams, J. J. aan den Toorn, and C. L. Holloway, “A significance test for reverberation-chamber measurement uncertainty in total radiated power of wireless devices,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 207-219, Feb. 2016.

W. Xue, F. Li, X. Chen, S. Zhu, A. Zhang, and T. Svensson, “A unified approach for uncertainty analyses for total radiated power and total isotropic sensitivity measurements in reverberation chamber,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 70, pp. 1-12, Nov. 2020.

M. Á. García-Fernández, J. D. Sánchez-Heredia, A. M. Martínez-González, D. A. Sánchez-Hernández, and J. F. Valenzuela-Valdés, “Advances in modestirred reverberation chambers for wireless communication performance evaluation,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 140-147, July 2011.

X. Chen, W. Xue, H. Shi, J. Yi, and W. E. I. Sha, “Orbital angular momentum multiplexing in highly reverberant environments,” IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 112-115, Jan. 2020.

C. L. Holloway, H. A. Shah, R. J. Pirkl, W. F. Young, D. A. Hill, and J. Ladbury, “Reverberation chamber techniques for determining the radiation and total efficiency of antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1758-1770, Apr. 2012.

D. Senic, D. F. Williams, K. A. Remley, C.-M. Wang, C. L. Holloway, Z. Yang, and K. F. Warnick, “Improved antenna efficiency measurement uncertainty in a reverberation chamber at millimeterwave frequencies,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 65, no. 8, pp. 4209-4219, Aug. 2017.

A. Gifuni, I. D. Flintoft, S. J. Bale, G. C. R. Melia, and A. C. Marvin, “A theory of alternative methods for measurements of absorption cross section and antenna radiation efficiency using nested and contiguous reverberation chambers,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 678-685, June 2016.

G. Le Fur, P. Besnier, and A. Sharaiha, “Time reversal efficiency measurement in reverberation chamber,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 2921-2928, June 2012.

A. Cozza and Abd el-Bassir Abou el-Aileh, “Accurate radiation-pattern measurements in a time-reversal electromagnetic chamber,” IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 186- 193, Apr. 2010.

V. Fiumara, A. Fusco, V. Matta, and I. M. Pinto, “Free-space antenna field/pattern retrieval in reverberation environments,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 4, pp. 329-332, Sep. 2005.

Q. Xu, Y. Huang, L. Xing, C. Song, Z. Tian, S. S. Alja’afreh, and M. Stanley, “3-D antenna radiation pattern reconstruction in a reverberation chamber using spherical wave decomposition,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 1728-1739, Apr. 2017.

P.-S. Kildal and K. Rosengren, “Electromagnetic analysis of effective and apparent diversity gain of two parallel dipoles,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 2, pp. 9-13, 2003.

X. Chen, “On statistics of the measured antenna efficiency in a reverberation chamber,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 61, no. 11, pp. 5417- 5424, Nov. 2013.

W. Xue, X. Chen, M. Zhang, L. Zhao, A. Zhang, and Y. Huang, “Statistical analysis of antenna efficiency measurements with non-reference antenna methods in a reverberation chamber,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 113967-113980, June 2020.

Q. Xu, L. Xing, Z. Tian, Y. Zhao, X. Chen, L. Shi, and Y. Huang, “Statistical distribution of the enhanced backscatter coefficient in reverberation chamber,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 2161-2164, Apr. 2018.

M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. New York, NY, USA: Dover, 1972.

B. N. Taylor and C. E. Kuyatt, “Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results,” Gaithersburg, MD, USA: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994.

P.-S. Kildal, X. Chen, C. Orlenius, M. Franzen, and C. S. L. Patane, “Characterization of reverberation chambers for OTA measurements of wireless devices: Physical formulations of channel matrix and new uncertainty formula,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 3875-3891, Aug. 2012.

K. A. Remley, J. Dortmans, C. Weldon, R. D. Horansky, T. B. Meurs, C.-M. Wang, D. F. Williams, C. L. Holloway, and P. F. Wilson, “Configuring and verifying reverberation chambers for testing cellular wireless devices,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 661-672, June 2016.

Downloads

Published

2021-11-06

How to Cite

[1]
W. . Xue, Y. . Ren, X. . Chen, Z. . Wang, Y. . Li, and Y. . Huang, “Measurement Uncertainty of Antenna Efficiency Measured Using the Two-Antenna Method in a Reverberation Chamber”, ACES Journal, vol. 36, no. 09, pp. 1152–1158, Nov. 2021.

Issue

Section

Articles