Evaluation of EM Absorption in Human Head with Metamaterial Attachment
Keywords:
Evaluation of EM Absorption in Human Head with Metamaterial AttachmentAbstract
The reduction of electromagnetic (EM) absorption with metamaterial is performed by the finite-difference time-domain method with lossy- Drude model by CST Microwave Studio in this paper. The metamaterials can be achieved by arranging split ring resonators (SRRS) periodically. The SAR value has been observed by varying the distances between head model to phone model, different distance, different thickness, and different size of metamaterial design. Metamaterial has achieved 53.94% reduction of the initial SAR value for SAR 10 gm.
Downloads
References
IEEE C 95.1 – 2005, “IEEE Standards for
safety levels with respect to Human
Exposure to Radio Frequency
Electromagnetic fields, 3KHz to
GHz,” Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, Inc. New York,
NY 2005.
International Non-Ionizing Radiation
Committee of the International Radiation
Protection Association, “Guidelines on
Limits on exposure to radio frequency
electromagnetic fields in the frequency
range from 100 KHz to 300 GHz,” Health
Physics, vol.54, no. 1, pp. 115-123, 1988.
J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holen, D. J. Robbins,
and W. J. Stewart, “Magnetism from
conductors and enhanced nonlinear
phenomena,” IEEE Trans. Microwave
Theory Tech., vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 2075–
, Nov. 1999.
M. T. Islam, M. R. I. Faruque, and N.
Misran, “Reduction of specific absorption
rate (SAR) in the human head with ferrite
material and metamaterial,” Progress In
Electromagnetics Research, PIER C, vol.
, pp. 47-58, 2009.
J. Wang and O. Fujiwara, “Reduction of
electromagnetic absorption in the human
head for portable telephones by a ferrite
FARUQUE, ISLAM, MISRAN: EVALUATION OF EM ABSORPTION IN HUMAN HEAD WITH METAMATERIAL ATTACHMENT
sheet attachment,” IEICE Trans.
Commun., vol. E80b, no. 12, pp. 1810-
, Dec. 1997.
M .R. I. Faruque, M. T. Islam, and N .
Misran, “Electromagnetic (EM)
absorption reduction in a muscle cube
with metamaterial attachment,” Med. Eng.
& Phys., (Elsevier) (In Press),
Doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2010.12.004.
B. Wu, W. Wang, J. Pacheco, X. Chen, T.
Grzegorczyk, and J. A. Kong, “A study of
using metamaterials as antenna substrate
to enhance gain,” PIER, vol. 51, pp. 295-
, 2005.
M. M. Sigalalas, C. T. Chan, K .M. Ho,
and Soukoulis, “Metallic photonic band
gap materials,” Phys. Rev . B.,vol. 52, no.
, pp. 11744-11760, 2001.
D. R. Smith and N. Kroll, “Negative
refractive index in left handed materials,”
Phys. Rev. Lett., 85-14 2933-2936, 2000.
K. H. Chan, K. M. Chow, L. C. Fung, and
S. W. Leung, “Effects of using conductive
materials for SAR reduction in mobile
phones,” Microwave Opt. Technol, Lett.,
vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 140-144, Jan. 2005.
J. N. Hawang and F.-C. Chen, “Reduction
of the peak SAR in the Human Head with
Metamaterials,” IEEE Trans. on Antenna
and Propagation, vol. 54 (12) pp. 3763-
, Dec. 2006.
R. W. Ziolkowski, “Design, fabrication,
and testing of double negative
metamaterials,” IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propagation., vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 1516–
, Jul. 2003.
B. Bandlow, R. Schuhmann, G.
Lubkowski, and T. Weiland, “Analysis of
single-cell modeling of periodic
metamaterial structures,” IEEE Trans.
Magn., vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1662-1665, Jun.
A. Erentok, P. L. Luljak, and R. W.
Ziolkowski, “Characterization of a
volumetric metamaterial realization of an
artificial magnetic conductor for antenna
applications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propag., vol. 53, pp. 160–172, Jan. 2005.
A. Hirata, M. Fujimoto, T. Asano, J.
Wang, O. Fujiwara, and T. Shiozawa,
“Correlation between max temperature
and SAR with average schemes,” IEEE
Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 48, pp.
-78, Aug. 2006.
A. Lai, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh,
“Transmission line based metamaterials
for microwave applications,” IEEE
Microw. Mag., vol. 5, pp. 34-50, Sep.
L. C. Fung, S. W. Leung, and K. H. Chan,
“Experimental study of SAR reduction on
commercial products and shielding
materials in mobile phone applications,”
Microwave and Optical Technology
Letters, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 419-422,
March. 2003.
M. T. Islam, M. R. I. Faruque, and N.
Misran, “Design analysis of ferrite sheet
attachment for SAR reduction in human
head,” Progress In Electromagnetics
Research (PIER), vol. 98, pp. 191-205,
J. B. Pendry, “Negative refraction makes a
perfect lens,” Phy. Rev. Lett., vol. 85, no.
, pp. 3966-3969, 30 October 2000.
A. Alù, F. Bilotti, N. Engheta, and L.
Vegni, “Subwavelength, compact,
resonant patch antennas loaded with
metamaterials,” IEEE Trans. Antennas &
Propag., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 13-25, Jan.
D. M. Sullivan, “Electromagnetic
simulation using the FDTD method”,
IEEE Press Series on RF and Microwave
Technology. Roger D. Pollard and Richard
Booton Series Editors, First Edition (July
, 2000).
D. Sounas and N. Kantartzis, “Systematic
Surface Waves Analysis at the Interfaces
of Composite DNG/SNG Media,” Optics
Express, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 8513-8524,
P. Bernardi, M. Cavagnaro, S. Pisa, and E.
Piuzzi, “A graded-mesh FDTD code for
the study of human exposure to cellular
phones equipped with helical antennas,”
ACES Journal, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 90-96,
M. T. Islam, M. R. I. Faruque, and N.
Misran, “Study of specific absorption rate
(SAR) in the Human Head by
metamaterial attachment,” IEICE
ACES JOURNAL, VOL. 25, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2010
Electronics Express, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 240-
, 2010.
R. W. Ziolkowski, “The design of
Maxwellian absorbers for numerical
boundary conditions and for practical
applications using engineered artificial
materials,” IEEE Trans Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 45 (4), pp. 656-671,
April 1997.
R. W. Ziolkowski and F. Auzanneau,
“Artificial molecule realization of a
magnetic wall,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 82, no.
, pp. 3192-3194, October 1997.
F. Auzanneau and R. W. Ziolkowski,
“Theoretical study of synthetic
bianisotropic smart materials,” Journal of
electromagnetic Waves and Applications,
vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 353-370, March 1998.
D. Sounas, N. Kantartzis, and T.
Tsiboukis, “Focusing efficiency analysis
andoptimization performance of arbitrarily
sized DNG metamaterial slabs
withlosses,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory
Tech., vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 4111-4121, Dec.
J.-Y. Lee, J.-H. Lee, H. Kim, N. Kang,
and H. Jung, “Effective medium approach
of left-handed material using a dispersive
FDTD method,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol.
, no. 5, pp. 1484-1487, May 2005.
