A Noninvasive Method for Measuring the Blood Glucose Level Using a Narrow Band Microstrip Antenna

Authors

  • Ayman R. Megdad Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
  • Rabah W. Aldhaheri Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
  • Nebras M. Sobahi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.13052/2022.ACES.J.371102

Keywords:

glucose levels, non-invasive, narrow band antenna, directional antenna

Abstract

In this paper, a narrowband and compact antenna resonating at 6.1 GHz with a peak realized gain of 3.3 dBi is proposed to monitor the glucose concentration in the blood without taking invasive blood samples. The proposed antenna is fabricated using a low-cost FR-4 substrate with compact dimensions of 30 mm × 30 mm × 1.6 mm. The impedance bandwidth of this antenna ranges from 5.2 to 7.1 GHz. For measuring blood glucose levels, a human finger phantom model with dimensions of 15 mm × 12 mm × 10 mm is constructed using the EM simulation (HFSS) environment. The finger phantom consists of different layers such as skin, fat, muscle, blood, and bone modeled at 6.1 GHz using various dielectric materials for various glucose concentrations. The finger phantom model is placed at different locations around the antenna to measure the frequency shift for monitoring glucose concentration in blood samples. The proposed finger phantom model is validated by conducting an experimental study by placing a real human finger around the fabricated antenna and measuring the frequency shift. This study shows a very good agreement with the results obtained by the simulated phantom model. The advantages and outperformance of the proposed sensor are highlighted in terms of the sensitivity obtained and compared with other techniques given in the literature.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Ayman R. Megdad, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

Ayman R. Megdad received his B.Sc. degree in Communication Engineering from Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia, Riyadh in 2016. He is presently an M.Sc. Student at King Abdul Aziz University, Saudi Arabia, Jeddah. His research interests include passive microwave/millimeter-wave circuit design, antenna design, wireless, and radar.

Rabah W. Aldhaheri, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

Rabah W. Aldhaheri received his Ph.D. degree from Michigan State University in 1988 in Electrical and Computer Engineering. He is currently a Full Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, at King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He served as the Head of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at KAU from May 2005 till May 2011. He is currently serving as the Founder and Director of the Microelectronics and RF Circuits Laboratory, FSS and Metamaterial Research Laboratory, and the Head of the Communication Systems and Networks Research Group. Aldhaheri held Visiting Research Scholar positions with Michigan State University from 1994- 1995, and Queensland University of Technology (QUT) in Brisbane, Australia in 2000. His research interests include digital signal processing with application to filter design, biometric recognition, microelectronics devices; and wireless communications, particularly, antenna design for UWB communication, medical imaging, RFID readers, and Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS).

Nebras M. Sobahi, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

Nebras M. Sobahi (Member, IEEE) received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from King Abdulaziz University, and the second M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Texas A&M University, USA. He is currently an Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. His research interests include nano/microfabrication, MEMS, microfluidics, BioMEMS, and signal and imageprocessing.

References

F. Maryam, “Diagnosis of neuropathy and risk factors for corneal nerve loss in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a corneal confocal microscopy study,” Diabetes Care, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 150-156, 2021.

K. E. Hill, J. M. Gleadle, M. Pulvirenti, and D. A. McNaughton, “The social determinants of health for people with type 1 diabetes that progress to end-stage renal disease,” Health Expectations, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 2513-2521, 2015.

W. Villena Gonzales, A. Mobashsher, and A. Abbosh, “The progress of glucose monitoring—A review of invasive to minimally and non-invasive techniques, devices and sensors,” Sensors, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 800, 2019.

C. G. Juan, E. Bronchalo, B. Potelon, C. Quendo, E. Ávila-Navarro, and J. M. Sabater-Navarro, “Concentration measurement of microliter-volume water–glucose solutions using Q factor of microwave sensors,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 68, no. 7, pp. 2621-2634, 2019.

M., Esraa, A. Ahmed, and A. Adel B, “A novel approach to non-invasive blood glucose sensing based on a defected ground structure,” 15th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), pp. 1-5, Düsseldorf, Germany, March 2021.

A. S. N. Shahidah and R. Alias, “A portable non-invasive blood glucose monitoring device with IoT,” Evolution in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 36-44, 2021.

S. George, “Non-invasive monitoring of glucose level changes utilizing a mm-wave radar system,” International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction (IJMHCI), vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 10-29, 2018.

A. N. A. Binti, B. Saad, and W.H. Manap, “The evolution of non-invasive blood glucose monitoring system for personal application,” Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering (JTEC), vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 59-65, 2016.

J. Yadav, A. Rani, V. Singh, and B. M. Murari, “Prospects and limitations of non-invasive blood glucose monitoring using near-infrared spectroscopy,” Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, vol. 18, pp. 214-227, 2015.

A. Paredes, V. García, I. Guzmán, J. Negrete, R. Valencia, and G. Silverio, “An IoT-based non-invasive glucose level monitoring system using raspberry pi,” Applied Sciences, vol. 9, pp. 3046, 2019.

M. S. Mohamed, M. F. O. Hameed, N. F. F. Areed, M. M. El-Okr, and S. S. A. Obayya, “Analysis of highly sensitive photonic crystal biosensor for glucose monitoring,” American Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES) Journal, vol. 31, no. 07, pp. 836-842. 2021.

D. Vijay and S. Chorage, “Non-invasive determination of blood glucose level using narrowband microwave sensor,” Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, pp. 1-16, 2021.

L. Malena, O. Fiser, P. Stauffer, T. Drizdal, J. Vrba, and D. Vrba, “Feasibility evaluation of metamaterial microwave sensors for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring,” Sensors, pp. 21-20 2021.

S. Kushal and S. Anand, “Demonstration of microstrip sensor for the feasibility study of non-invasive blood-glucose sensing,” MAPAN, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 193-199, 2021.

V. V. Deshmukh and R. B. Ghongade, “Measurement of dielectric properties of aqueous glucose using planar ring resonator,” IEEE International Conference on Microelectronics, Computing and Communications (MicroCom), pp. 1-5, 23-25, Durgapur, India, 2016.

C. G. Helena, I. Gouzouasis, I. Sotiriou, and S. Saha, “Reflection and transmission measurements using 60 GHz patch antennas in the presence of animal tissue for non-invasive glucose sensing,” 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), pp. 10-15, Davos, Switzerland, 2016.

L. W. Liu, A. Kandwal, Q. Cheng, H. Shi, I. Tobore, and Z. Nie, “Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring using a curved Goubau line,” Electronics, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 662, 2019.

T. Karacolak, E. C. Moreland, and E. Topsakal, “Cole–cole model for glucose-dependent dielectric properties of blood plasma for continuous glucose monitoring,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 55, no. 5 pp. 1160-1164, 2013.

S. S. Gupta, T. H. Kwon, S. Hossain, and K. D. Kim, “Towards non-invasive blood glucose measurement using machine learning: An all-purpose PPG system design,” Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, vol. 68, 2021.

F. Jiang, S. Li, Y. Yu, Q. S. Cheng, and S. Koziel, “Sensitivity optimization of antenna for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring,” International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES) Symposium, pp. 1-2, 2017.

J. Li, I. Tobore, Y. Liu, and A. Kandwal, “Non-invasive monitoring of three glucose ranges based on ECG by using DBSCAN-CNN,” IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 3440-3350, 2021.

I. M. Atzeni, S. C. van de Zande, J. Westra, J. Zwerver, A. J. Smit, and D. J. Mulder, “The AGE reader: A non-invasive method to assess long-term tissue damage,” Methods, vol. 203, pp. 533-541, 2022.

A. Zainul and P. Agarwal, “Microwave sensing technique-based label-free and real-time planar glucose analyzer fabricated on FR4,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, vol. 279, pp. 132-139, 2018.

M. Alam, S. Saha, P. Saha, F. N. Nur, and N. N. Moon, “D-care: A non-invasive glucose measuring technique for monitoring diabetes patients,” Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Computational Intelligence, Springer, Singapore, July 2019.

E. Susana, K. Ramli, H. Murfi, and N. H. Apriantoro, “Non-invasive classification of blood glucose level for early detection diabetes based on photoplethysmography signal,” Information, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 59, 2022.

J. Vrba, D. Vrba, L. Díaz, and O. Fišer, “Phantoms for development of microwave sensors for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2015.

T. Yilmaz, T. Ozturk, and S. Joof, “A comparative study for development of microwave glucose sensors,” Proceedings of the 32nd URSI GASS, Montreal, QC, Canada, pp. 19-26, 2017.

S. Kim, H. Melikyan, J. Kim, A. Babajanyan, and J. H. Lee, “Noninvasive in vitro measurement of pig-blood d-glucose by using a microwave cavity sensor.” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 379-384, 2012.

J. Vrba, D. Vrba, L. Díaz, and O Fišer “Metamaterial sensor for microwave non-invasive blood glucose monitoring,” IFMBE Proceedings, vol. 68, pp. 789-792, 2019.

A. N. Khan, Y. Cha, H. Giddens, and Y. Hao, “Recent advances in organ specific wireless bioelectronic devices: Perspective on biotelemetry and power transfer using antenna systems,” Engineering, vol. 11, pp. 27-41, 2022.

M. N. Hasan, S. Tamanna, P. Singh, M. D. Nadeem, and M. Rudramuni, “Cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna sensor for non-invasive glucose sensing application,” 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), pp. 961-964, 7-8, Noida, India, March 2019.

D. Bamgboje, I. Christoulakis, I. Smanis, and G Chavan, “Continuous non-invasive glucose monitoring via contact lenses: current approaches and future perspectives,” Biosensors, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 189, 2021.

U. Hassan, M. H. Zulfiqar, M. M. Ur Rahman, and K. Riaz, “Low Cost and Flexible Sensor System for Non-Invasive Glucose In-Situ Measurement,” 17th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST), pp. 187-190, 14-18, Islamabad, Pakistan, Jan. 2020.

Y. Chen, F. Kaburcuk, R. Lumnitzer, A. Z. Elsherbeni, V. Demir, and A. Shamim, “Human Tissues Parameters and Resolution for Accurate Simulations of Wearable Antennas,” International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES) Symposium, pp. 1-4, 1-5 Aug. 2021.

“An Internet Resource for the Calculation of the Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues in the Frequency Range 10Hz-100GHz,” Italian National Research Council, Institute for Applied Physics. http://niremf.ifac.cnr.it/tissprop/

F. Kaburcuk, A. Z. Elsherbeni, R. Lumnitzer, and A. Tanner, “Electromagnetic waves interaction with a human head model for frequencies up to 100 GHz,” American Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES) Journal, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 613-621, 2020.

C. Palmer, “Advanced devices ease burden of glucose monitoring for diabetics,” Engineering, Elsevier, vol. 5, pp. 547-549, 2021.

A. E. Omer, G. Shaker, S. Safavi-Naeini, G. Alquié, F. Deshours, H. Kokabi, and R. M. Shubair, “Non-invasive real-time monitoring of glucose level using novel microwave biosensor based on triple-pole CSRR,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1407-1420, 2020.

A. Ayesha, T. Kalsoom, M. Ur-Rehman, N. Ramzan, S. Karim, and Q. H. Abbasi, “Design and study of a small implantable antenna design for blood glucose monitoring,” Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES) Journal, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 1146-1151, 2018.

M. C. Cebedio, L. A. Rabioglio, I. E. Gelosi, R. A. Ribas, A. J. Uriz, and J. C. Moreira, “Analysis and design of a microwave coplanar sensor for non-invasive blood glucose measurements,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 20, no. 18, pp. 10572-10581, 2020.

D. Mondal, N. K. Tiwari, and M. J. Akhtar, “Microwave assisted non-invasive microfluidic biosensor for monitoring glucose concentration,” IEEE Sensors, pp. 1-4, 2018.

H. Choi, J. Naylon, S. Luzio, J. Beutler, J. Birchall, C. Martin, and A. Porch, “Design and in vitro interference test of microwave noninvasive blood glucose monitoring sensor,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 3016-3025, 2015.

A. Kandwal, T. Igbe, J. Li, Y. Liu, S. Li, L. W. Y. Liu, and Z. Nie, “Highly sensitive closed loop enclosed split ring biosensor with high field confinement for aqueous and blood-glucose measurements,” Scientific Reports, vol. 10, no. 1 pp. 1-9, 2020.

Downloads

Published

2022-11-30

How to Cite

[1]
A. R. . Megdad, R. W. . Aldhaheri, and N. M. . Sobahi, “A Noninvasive Method for Measuring the Blood Glucose Level Using a Narrow Band Microstrip Antenna”, ACES Journal, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 1118–1130, Nov. 2022.

Issue

2022: Vol 37 Iss 11

Section

General Submission

Categories