Analysis of Moving Bodies with a Direct Finite Difference Time Domain Method

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.13052/2023.ACES.J.381101

Keywords:

Doppler effect, electromagnetic theory, FDTD method, numerical analysis

Abstract

This paper proposes an original and thorough analysis of the behavior of electromagnetic waves in the presence of moving bodies by using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. Movements are implemented by changing positions of the objects at each time step, through the classical FDTD time loop. This technique is suitable for non-relativistic speeds, thus for most encountered problems in antennas and propagation domain. The numerical aspects that need to be considered are studied. Then, different bodies in motion are examined: plane wave source with matching resistors, observation point, inclined partially reflecting surface (PRS), line source, and metallic cylinder illuminated by a plane wave. The results are compared with those of special relativity which are considered as the references. Some aspects of special relativity are present in the direct FDTD approach, such as the independence of the velocity of electromagnetic wave propagation with the speed of the source and Lorentz local time (with a different physical interpretation). It is shown that the amplitude of the electric field for a moving plane wave source does not increase with the speed of motion, if the impedance of the source is small. Moreover, for a moving scattering metallic wire, one can observe a phenomenon similar to shock waves.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Mohammad Marvasti, Department of Electrical Engineering University of Quebec in Outaouais, Gatineau, Canada, J8X 3X7

Mohammad Marvasti received his B.Sc. Diploma in electrical engineering major at the AmirKabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 2015. During his B.Sc. period, he received the 1st rank among all of his entrance colleagues. Therefore, he was awarded direct admission to M.Sc. of the Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 1st ranked university in Iran. He received his M.Sc. degree in telecommunications focusing on applied electromagnetic from Sharif in 2017. He was working on designing, fabricating, and testing antenna systems and passive radio-frequency components in 3, 4, 5, 6, and 24 GHz frequency bands in a highly result-oriented company, Pionaria in Tehran, Iran (2017-2022). The main focus of his work was designing high-gain dual-polarization splash-plate feed parabolic antennas.

He has started his Ph.D. research on developing novel ideas to achieve capacity growth of 5G and beyond mobile networks, and on computational electromagnetism at Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Canada, since 2022.

Halim Boutayeb, Department of Electrical Engineering University of Quebec in Outaouais, Gatineau, Canada, J8X 3X7

Halim Boutayeb received the Diplôme d’Ingénieur (B.Sc.) degree in electrical engineering from the École Supérieur d’Ingénieur de Rennes, France, in 2000, and the French D.E.A. (M.Sc.) degree and Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Rennes, France, in 2000 and 2003, respectively. From March 2004 to December 2006, he was with INRS-EMT, Montréal, QC, Canada. From Jan. 2007 to Dec, 2011, he was a researcher with the École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada. He was also coordinator and a member of the Centre de Recherche en Électronique Radiofréquence (CREER), a strategic cluster on applied electromagnetics and RF technologies. From Jan. 2012 to June 2020, he was a research and development staff member with the Huawei Technologies Company Ltd., Ottawa, ON, Canada. Since July 2020, He has been a professor in electrical engineering at Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Canada.

He has authored or coauthored more than 100 journal and conference papers, and he holds 24 patents. Since 2003, he has been a reviewer for a number of scientific journals and conferences. His main fields of interest are antennas, microwaves circuits, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, artificial materials, radars, local positioning systems, biomedical engineering, and phased arrays.

Dr. Boutayeb is a senior member of the Professional Engineers of Quebec. He has served as a technical program committee member of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC) 2006 and as a steering committee member of the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (IEEE MTT-S) International Microwave Symposium (IMS) 2012. He was a recipient of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Postdoctoral Fellowship Grant (2004–2006), the Best Paper Award of the European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (2004), and five Gold Huawei Medal Awards (2013, 2015, 2017, 2018, and 2019).

References

K. Yee, “Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell’s equations in isotropic media,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 302-307,1966.

A. Taflove and M. E. Brodwin, “Numerical solution of steady-state electromagnetic scattering problems using the time-dependent Maxwell’s equations,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 623-630,1975.

A. Reineix and B. Jecko, “Analysis of microstrip patch antennas using finite difference time domain method,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 1361-1369,1989.

D. M. Sheen, S. M. Ali, M. D. Abouzahra, and J.-A. Kong, “Application of the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method to the analysis of planar microstrip circuits,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 849-857, 1990.

K. S. Yee, D. Ingham, and K. Shlager, “Time-domain extrapolation to the far field based on FDTD calculations,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 410-413, 1991.

M. S. Rabbani, J. Churm, and A. P. Feresidis, “Fabry–Pérot beam scanning antenna for remote vital sign detection at 60 GHz,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 3115-3124, 2021.

L. Chioukh, H. Boutayeb, D. Deslandes, and K. Wu, “Noise and sensitivity of harmonic radar architecture for remote sensing and detection of vital signs,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 1847-1855, 2014.

S. Taravati and A. A. Kishk, “Space-time modulation: Principles and applications,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 30-56, 2020.

A. Mock, D. Sounas, and A. Alù, “Magnet-free circulator based on spatiotemporal modulation of photonic crystal defect cavities,” ACS Photonics, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 2056-2066, 2019.

H. Rajabalipanah, A. Abdolali, and K. Rouhi, “Reprogrammable spatiotemporally modulated graphene-based functional metasurfaces,” IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 75-87, 2020.

A. Alù, “Beyond passivity and reciprocity with time-varying electromagnetic systems,” pp. 1863-1864, 2020.

L. Zhang, X. Q. Chen, R. W. Shao, J. Y. Dai, Q. Cheng, G. Castaldi, V. Galdi, and T. J. Cui, “Breaking reciprocity with space-time-coding digital metasurfaces,” Advanced Materials, vol. 31, no. 41, p. 1904069, 2019.

X. Wang, A. Diaz-Rubio, H. Li, S. A. Tretyakov, and A. Alu, “Theory and design of multifunctional space-time metasurfaces,” Physical Review Applied, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 044040, 2020.

A. Kashaninejad-Rad, A. Abdolali, and M. M. Salary, “Interaction of electromagnetic waves with a moving slab: fundamental dyadic method,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, vol. 60, 2014.

S. Stolyarov, “Reflection and transmission of electromagnetic waves incident on a moving dielectric slab,” Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 151-153, 1967.

C. Yeh and K. Casey, “Reflection and transmission of electromagnetic waves by a moving dielectric slab,” Physical Review, vol. 144, no. 2, p. 665, 1966.

C. Yeh, “Propagation along moving dielectric wave guides,” JOSA, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 767-770,1968.

C. Yeh, “Brewster angle for a dielectric medium moving at relativistic speed,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 38, no. 13, pp. 5194-5200,1967.

G. Pelosi, R. Coccioli, and R. Graglia, “A finite-element analysis of electromagnetic scattering from a moving dielectric cylinder of arbitrary cross section,” Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 27, no. 10, p. 2013, 1994.

F. Harfoush, A. Taflove, and G. A. Kriegsmann, “A numerical technique for analyzing electromagnetic wave scattering from moving surfaces in one and two dimensions,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 55-63,1989.

M. J. Inman, A. Z. Elsherbeni, and C. Smith, ‘‘Finite difference time domain simulation of moving objects,” in Proc. of IEEE Radar Conf., pp. 439-445, 2003.

K. Zheng, X. Liu, Z. Mu, and G. Wei, “Analysis of scattering fields from moving multilayered dielectric slab illuminated by an impulse source,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 16, pp. 2130-2133, 2017.

K.-S. Zheng, J.-Z. Li, G. Wei, and J.-D. Xu, “Analysis of Doppler effect of moving conducting surfaces with Lorentz-FDTD method,” Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 149-159, 2013.

Y. Liu, K. Zheng, Z. Mu, and X. Liu, “Reflection and transmission coefficients of moving dielectric in half space,” in 2016 11th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory (ISAPE), pp. 485-487, IEEE, 2016.

K. Zheng, Z. Mu, H. Luo, and G. Wei, “Electromagnetic properties from moving dielectric in high speed with Lorentz-FDTD,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 15, pp. 934-937, 2015.

Y. Li, K. Zheng, Y. Liu, and L. Xu, “Radiated fields of a high-speed moving dipole at oblique incidence,” in 2017 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium (ACES), pp. 1-2, IEEE, 2017.

K. Zheng, Y. Li, X. Tu, and G. Wei, “Scattered fields from a three-dimensional complex target moving at high speed,” in 2018 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium-China (ACES), pp. 1-2, IEEE,2018.

K. Zheng, Y. Li, L. Xu, J. Li, and G. Wei, “Electromagnetic properties of a complex pyramid-shaped target moving at high speed,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 66, no. 12, pp. 7472-7476, 2018.

K. Zheng, Y. Li, S. Qin, K. An, and G. Wei, “Analysis of micromotion characteristics from moving conical-shaped targets using the Lorentz-FDTD method,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 7174-7179,2019.

M. Marvasti and H. Boutayeb, “Analysis of moving dielectric half-space with oblique plane wave incidence using the finite difference time domain method,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research M, vol. 115, pp. 119-128, 2023.

W. B. Hatfield and B. Auld, “Electromagnetic shock waves in gyromagnetic media,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 2941-2946, 1963.

R. Landauer, “Phase transition waves: Solitons versus shock waves,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 5594-5600, 1980.

R. Landauer, “Shock waves in nonlinear transmission lines and their effect on parametric amplification,” IBM Journal of Research and Development, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 391-401, 1960.

M. N. Sadiku, Numerical Techniques in Electromagnetics, CRC Press, 2000.

G. Mur, ‘‘Absorbing boundary conditions for the finite-difference approximation of the time-domain electromagnetic-field equations,” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, no. 4, pp. 377-382, 1981.

H. Boutayeb, K. Mahdjoubi, and A.-C. Tarot, “Antenna inside PBG and Fabry-Perot cavities,” in Journées Internationales de Nice sur les Antennes, JINA 2002, p. 4, Nov. 2002.

H. Boutayeb, Etude des structures périodiques planaires et conformes associées aux antennes. Application aux communications mobiles, Ph.D. thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2003.

A. Einstein, “On the electrodynamics of moving bodies,” Annalen der physik, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 891-921, 1905.

O. Heaviside, “The electro-magnetic effects of a moving charge,” The Electrician, vol. 22, pp. 147-148, 1888.

J. Bradley, ‘‘A letter from the reverend Mr. James Bradley Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford, and F. R. S to Dr. Edmond Halley Astronom. Reg. &c. giving an account of a new discovered motion of the fixed stars,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 35, no. 406, pp. 637-661, 1729.

Downloads

Published

2023-11-30

How to Cite

[1]
M. Marvasti and H. Boutayeb, “Analysis of Moving Bodies with a Direct Finite Difference Time Domain Method”, ACES Journal, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 829–840, Nov. 2023.

Issue

2023: Vol 38 Iss 11

Section

General Submission

Categories