Correlations of Salivary and Blood Glucose Level Detection using Flexible Sensor Technique

Authors

  • Yusnita Rahayu Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru 28290, Indonesia
  • Fildza Arifa Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru 28290, Indonesia
  • Mudrik Alaydrus Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana, Jakarta 11650, Indonesia
  • Anhar Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru 28290, Indonesia
  • Teguh Praludi National Research and Innovation Agency Indonesia
  • Huriatul Masdar Medical Faculty Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru 28133, Indonesia
  • Syah Alam Department of Electrical Engineering Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta Barat 11440, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.13052/2024.ACES.J.390706

Keywords:

Blood glucose, flexible sensor, non-invasive, ring slot circular resonator, salivary

Abstract

Indonesia had a total of 19.47 million individuals diagnosed with diabetes in 2021, the fifth position globally, as reported by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Diabetes requires periodic medical examinations, yet many individuals are hesitant to utilize invasive medical devices. The ring slot circular resonator (RSCR) inspired this sensor’s design. Non-invasive glucose measurement was done with flexible 2.45 GHz sensors. The reflection coefficient (S11) simulation result is -20.76 dB at 2.458 GHz and 894.8 MHz bandwidth. Saliva samples obtained from 20 individuals were subjected to 20 separate tests. Before collecting saliva samples, the volunteers’ blood sugar levels were assessed. Research indicates that the appropriate frequency range for average blood sugar levels (less than 125 mg/dl) is 1.55 GHz to 2.16 GHz, while diabetes patients with blood glucose levels (BGL) above 125 mg/dl had frequencies above 2.3 GHz. Test results show a positive correlation between glucose level and testing frequency. In addition to blood samples, saliva samples can serve as alternate specimens for assessing an individual’s BGL.

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Author Biographies

Yusnita Rahayu, Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru 28290, Indonesia

Yusnita Rahayu was born in Pekanbaru, Indonesia. She received a B.Eng. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Science and Technology Jakarta 1999. She received her M.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in 2004 and 2009, respectively. She is currently a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Universitas Riau and a Senior Member of IEEE. Her research interests include antennas and propagation, microwave and millimeter wave components, sensors, and wireless communication.

Fildza Arifa, Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru 28290, Indonesia

Fildza Arifa is a Master of Philosophy student in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. She earned a B.Eng. degree from the Universitas Riau in 2023. She is very interested in studying the field of antennas and propagation. She was a presenter at the international conference on radars, antennas, microwaves, electronics, and telecommunications (ICRAMET) with the research title ”Design Flexible Microstrip Antenna for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Detection” on 7 December 2022 besides publishing a paper with the title ”A WDM Scheme to Analyze the Performance of Rof Systems by Giving Various Bits Rates” in the Journal of Informatics and Telecommunication Engineering, July 2023.

Mudrik Alaydrus, Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana, Jakarta 11650, Indonesia

Mudrik Alaydrus was born in Jakarta, Indonesia. He received the Dipl.-Ing. and Dr.-Ing. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Universitaet Hannover and Universitaet Wuppertal in 1997 and 2001, respectively. Since 2003, he has worked at Universitas Mercu Buana, Jakarta. Dr. Alaydrus is a Senior Member of IEEE and a member of Verein der Deutschen Elektroingenieure (VDE). His current research includes microwave and millimeter wave components, wireless power transfers, wireless sensor networks, interaction between electromagnetics and materials, and mathematical modeling in signal processing.

Anhar, Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru 28290, Indonesia

Anhar has been a lecturer at the University of Riau since 2002. He took his Ph.D. at Brunel University London, UK, and finished in 2019. Currently, he is a senior lecturer and has been teaching many subjects such as data communication, traffic engineering, wireless sensor networks, electrical measurement, and signals and systems. In terms of research, he has been supervising many students and publishing many articles related to the performance analysis of sensor networks. He is also interested in investigating the performance of medium access control (MAC) and routing protocols in sensor networks, the Internet of Things (IoT), and Wi-Fi.

Teguh Praludi, National Research and Innovation Agency Indonesia

Teguh Praludi has been a researcher at the telecommunications research center of the National Research and Innovation Agency since 2003. He completed his master’s program at Bandung Institute of Technology in 2013, study program of Radar. He currently researches telecommunications, especially radio frequency modules such as filters and antennas. He is currently a member of the Indonesian Engineers Association (PPI). Various research results have been published in journals and conference proceedings.

Huriatul Masdar, Medical Faculty Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru 28133, Indonesia

Huriatul Masdar was born in Limapuluh Kota, West Sumatra, Indonesia, in 1979. She received her S.Ked. and Dr. degrees from the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, in 2004, and her M.Sc. degree in biomedical sciences from Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, in 2009. She is currently a senior lecturer and researcher at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Riau (UR). In addition, she conducts various research projects through national grants. Her research interests included histology and immunology. She has published five articles and attended four national and internationalsymposia.

Syah Alam, Department of Electrical Engineering Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta Barat 11440, Indonesia

Syah Alam was born in Jakarta, Indonesia. He received a Bachelor Education of Engineering (S.Pd.) degree in electrical engineering from Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI) and an M.Eng. (M.T.) degree in telecommunication engineering from the Graduate Program of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Trisakti, in 2010 and 2012, respectively. In 2018, he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering Universitas Trisakti as a researcher and lecturer. From 2021, he is pursuing his Ph.D. at Universiti Teknikal Melaka Malaysia (UTeM) in the field of electronic engineering (RF and microwave). His research interests include microstrip antennae and microwave sensors for various applications.

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Published

2024-07-31

How to Cite

[1]
Y. . Rahayu, “Correlations of Salivary and Blood Glucose Level Detection using Flexible Sensor Technique”, ACES Journal, vol. 39, no. 07, pp. 623–631, Jul. 2024.

Issue

2024: Vol 39 Iss 7

Section

General Submission

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