A Brief Review of Non-invasive Systems for Continuous Glucose Monitoring

Authors

  • Lisa K. Elmiladi Department of Electrical Engineering Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5003-7493
  • Atef Z. Elsherbeni Department of Electrical Engineering Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
  • Peter H. Aaen Department of Electrical Engineering Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.13052/2024.ACES.J.400604

Keywords:

Debye model, glucose monitoring, radar, VNA

Abstract

This paper explores the pros and cons of using Vector Network Analyzers (VNAs) and radar systems for non-invasive glucose concentration testing. While VNAs provide precise measurement capabilities, radar systems offer a more portable and cost-effective solution. The research discusses the application of both technologies in medical settings, focusing on their potential for glucose monitoring and the challenges associated with each. This paper also considers radar unit options for experimental setups below 40 GHz, with a focus on simulations for glucose concentration detection in finger tissues using the 3-term Debye model.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Lisa K. Elmiladi, Department of Electrical Engineering Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA

Lisa K. Elmiladi is a graduate student in the Electrical Engineering Department at Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colorado, USA. With a keen interest in the practical and theoretical aspects of her field, Lisa is intent on furthering her education with a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering. Her academic endeavors are not solely restricted to coursework; they extend to diverse interests such as VLSI Circuit Design, biomedical device applications, electromagnetics and RF, as well as Embedded Systems. Lisa’s research interests are centered around medical devices and antennas, reflecting her passion for leveraging technology to improve health outcomes.

Atef Z. Elsherbeni, Department of Electrical Engineering Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA

Atef Z. Elsherbeni received his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Manitoba University, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, in January 1987. He started his engineering career as a Software and System Design Engineer from March 1980 to December 1982 at the Automated Data System Center, Cairo, Egypt. From January to August 1987, he was a Post-Doctoral Fellow at Manitoba University. Elsherbeni joined the faculty at the University of Mississippi in August 1987 as an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering and progressed to the full professor and the Associate Dean of the College of Engineering for Research and Graduate Programs. He then joined the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department at Colorado School of Mines in August 2013. Elsherbeni is an IEEE Life Fellow and ACES Fellow. He is the Editor-in-Chief for Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES) Journal, and a past Associate Editor to Radio Science . He was the Chair of the Engineering and Physics Division of the Mississippi Academy of Science, the Chair of the Educational Activity Committee for IEEE Region 3 Section, and the past President of ACES Society. He received the 2023 IEEE APS Harington-Mittra Award for his contribution to computational electromagnetics with hardware acceleration and the ACES 2025 Computational Electromagnetics Award.

Peter H. Aaen, Department of Electrical Engineering Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA

Peter H. Aaen received the B.A.Sc. degree in Engineering Science and the M.A.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, in 1995 and 1997, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, in 2005. He was the Manager of the RF Division, RF Modeling and Measurement Technology Team, Freescale Semiconductor Inc., Tempe, AZ, USA, a company which he joined in 1997, then the Semiconductor Product Sector, Motorola Inc. In 2013, he joined the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, where he was a Reader of microwave semiconductor device modeling. He was also the Director of the Nonlinear Microwave Measurement and Modeling Laboratory, a joint University of Surrey/National Physical Laboratory, and the Director of National Physical Laboratory – South of England, Guildford, UK. In 2019, he joined the Colorado School of Mines as a Professor and Head of the Electrical Engineering Department. He has co-authored Modeling and Characterization of RF and Microwave Power FETs (Cambridge University Press, 2007). Aaen is a member of the Microwave Theory and Techniques and Electron Device Societies, served as an Executive Committee Member and Vice-President of the Automatic RF Techniques Group, and was the Chair of the IEEE Technical Committee (MTT-1) on Computer-Aided Design.

References

H. Choi, J. Naylon, S. Luzio, J. Beutler, J. Birchall, C. Martin, and A. Porch, “Design and in vitro interference test of microwave noninvasive blood glucose monitoring sensor,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 3016-3025, 2015.

N. Flaherty, “60GHz mmWave radar for driver monitoring and touchless interfaces,” eeNews Europe [Online], Aug. 04 2020. Available: https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/60ghz-mmwave-radar-for-driver-monitoring-and-touchless-interfaces (accessed July 04 2025).

J. Kim, A. Babajanyan, A. Hovsepyan, K. Lee, and B. Friedman, “Microwave dielectric resonator biosensor for aqueous glucose solution,” Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 79, no. 8, p. 086107, Aug. 2008.

S. Saha, H. Cano-Garcia, I. Sotiriou, O. Lipscombe, I. Gouzouasis, M. Koutsoupidou, G. Palikaras, R. Mackenzie, T. Reeve, P. Kosmas, and E. Kallos, “A glucose sensing system based on transmission measurements at millimetre waves using microstrip patch antennas,” Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, 2017.

H. Cano-Garcia, P. Kosmas, I. Sotiriou, I. Papadopoulos-Kelidis, C. Parini, I. Gouzouasis, G. Palikaras, and E. Kallos, “Detection of glucose variability in saline solutions from transmission and reflection measurements using V-band waveguides,” Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 26, no. 12, p. 125701, Oct. 2015.

D. Guo, D. Zhang, L. Zhang, and G. Lu, “Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring using breath signal analysis,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 173, pp. 106-113, 2012.

A. E. Omer, G. Shaker, and S. Safavi-Naeini, “Non-invasive glucose monitoring at mm-Wave frequencies,” International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 10-29, 2018.

SparkFun, Getting Started with the A111 Pulsed Radar Sensor [Online]. Available: https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/getting-started-with-the-a111-pulsed-radar-sensor/all

R. Lumnitzer, A. Tanner, and A. Z. Elsherbeni, “Debye coefficients for biological tissues from 100 MHz to 100 GHz,” Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES) Journal, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 613-621, 2020.

F. Kaburcuk and A. Z. Elsherbeni, “Efficient electromagnetic analysis of a dispersive head model due to smart glasses embedded antennas at Wi-Fi and 5G frequencies,” Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES) Journal, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 159-167, 2021.

Downloads

Published

2025-06-30

How to Cite

[1]
L. K. . Elmiladi, A. Z. . Elsherbeni, and P. H. . Aaen, “A Brief Review of Non-invasive Systems for Continuous Glucose Monitoring”, ACES Journal, vol. 40, no. 06, pp. 520–524, Jun. 2025.

Issue

2025: Vol 40 Iss 6

Section

General Submission

Categories