A Dual-Port Integrated Switched Reluctance Motor Power Converter for Electric Vehicles With Flexible Braking and Energy Recovery

Authors

  • Chenhe Zhang School of Electrical Engineering China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
  • Chen Hao School of Electrical Engineering China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
  • Olimjon Toirov Tashkent State Technical University University Street No2, 100095 Tashkent, Uzbekistan
  • Sherif Moussa School of Engineering Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, UAE 117781, Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  • Habes Ali Khawaldeh The Renewable Energy Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
  • Marcin Wardach West Pomeranian University of Technology Sikorskiego 37, 70-313 Szczecin, Poland
  • Sergei Brovanov Novosibirsk State Technical University Novosibirsk 630073, Russia
  • Ali Asghar Memon Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Electrical Engineering, Jamshoro, Pakistan
  • Emmanuel Karapidakis School of Engineering Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos Campus, 71004 Heraklio, Crete, Greece
  • Aris Dimeas Athens National University of Technology Greece

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.13052/2026.ACES.J.410609

Keywords:

Multilevel, regenerative braking, switched reluctance motor

Abstract

As environmental protection increasingly becomes a global focus, new energy vehicles have gradually emerged as a rising star in the modern transportation sector. They not only represent technological innovation but also carry the hope of achieving sustainable mobility. This paper proposes a novel dual-port integrated power converter, consisting of a front-end circuit and a traditional asymmetric half-bridge converter. By changing the operating state of the front-end circuit’s switch transistors, different operating modes can be switched. In the motoring state, there are single-power supply mode and hybrid power supply mode, and the converter is reconfigured into a five-level converter. In the regenerative braking mode, there are moderate braking mode and severe braking mode, and energy recovery can be achieved in both modes, with the converter being reconfigured into a four-level converter. The power converter proposed in this paper can accommodate wide speed range regulation for both electric and braking operations, while also recovering energy from regenerative braking. It has been simulated and verified on a three-phase 12/8 switched reluctance motor, confirming its practicality and effectiveness.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Chenhe Zhang, School of Electrical Engineering China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China

Chenhe Zhang received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering and automation from Yancheng Institute Of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China, in 2024. He is currently pursuing a master degree in electrical engineering at China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou. His research interests include switched reluctance motor design control, electric traction, and electric vehicles.

Chen Hao, School of Electrical Engineering China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China

Hao Chen (SM’08) received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Department of Automatic Control, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China, in 1991 and 1996, respectively. In 1998, he became an Associate Professor with the School of Information and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, where he has been a Professor since 2001. From 2002 to 2003, he was a Visiting Professor at Kyungsung University, Busan, Korea. Since 2008, he has also been an Adjunct Professor at the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. He is the author of one book and has also authored more than 190 papers. He is the holder of 15 US Patents, 23 Australian Patents, one Danish Patent, seven Canadian Patents, three South African Patents, 10 Russian Patents, 87 Chinese Invention Patents, and six Chinese Utility Model Patents. His current research interests include motor control, linear launcher, electric vehicles, electric traction, servo drives, and wind power generator control.

Chen was the recipient of both the Prize of Science and Technology of Chinese Youth and the Prize of the Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation for Youth Teachers in 2004. He was awarded first prize in the Science and Technology advanced of Province and Ministry once, second prize in the Science and Technology advanced of Province and Ministry seven times, and third prize in the Science and Technology advanced of Province and Ministry 14 times. He became the Chinese New Century Hundred-Thousand Ten-Thousand Talents Engineering National Talent in 2007, and won the Government Especial Allowance of People’s Republic of China State Department since 2006.

Olimjon Toirov, Tashkent State Technical University University Street No2, 100095 Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Olimjon Toirov earned the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in technical sciences in the specialty “Energy Systems and Complexes” at the Institute of Energy and Automation of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2012. In 2018, he defended his Doctor of Technical Science (D.Sc.) dissertation at Tashkent State Technical University (TSTU). In 2020, he was awarded the academic title of Full Professor in the specialty “Energy Systems and Complexes”. Throughout his professional career, Toirov served as a research fellow at the Institute of Energy and Automation of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan from 2007 to 2016; a leading researcher and project manager at “Scientific-Technical Center”, “Uzbekenergo” from 2016 to 2017. In 2017–2018, he worked as a Senior Researcher for the UNESCO/Poland Fellowship Programme in Engineering Project, AGH University of Science and Technology (Poland) and as Head of the “Electrical Machines and Drives” Department at TSTU from 2019 to 2024. Since 2024, he has been serving as the Dean of the “Electrical Engineering” Faculty at TSTU.

Toirov’s research activities are focused on design and automatic electric drive, green energy, renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency in electric power supply systems, control of asynchronous generators, and enhancing the efficiency of electromechanical systems. Under his leadership, automated control devices were developed and successfully implemented across several key industrial sectors, including the Almalyk and Navoi Mining and Metallurgical Combines, Uzbekhydroenergo, oil and gas enterprises, and automotive factories. He has participated in more than 50 industry-funded projects and over 15 fundamental and applied research projects and has won more than 12 international research grants. He is the author of over 300 scientific publications, including 32 inventions and patents, six textbooks, five teaching manuals, 16 methodological guidelines, and two monographs. More than 40 of his articles are indexed in Web of Science and Scopus databases. Toirov has supervised one Doctor of Technical Science (D.Sc.), five Doctors of Philosophy (Ph.D.), more than 50 bachelors’, and over 20 master’s students. He was awarded the honorary 1st place in the “Most Active Young Scientist of the Year” competition held in the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2016. In 2023, he was honored with the “Scopus Edwards Uzbekistan” award for his outstanding publication activity. He was awarded the “Shuhrat” medal by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2024. Toirov has completed international training and research programs in countries such as China, Russia, India, South Korea, Germany, France, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Poland, Slovakia, and Belgium. He currently serves as a member of the Expert Council on energy sciences under the Higher Attestation Commission of the Republic of Uzbekistan. He is also an editorial board member of several national and international scientific journals.

Sherif Moussa, School of Engineering Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, UAE 117781, Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Sherif Moussa is Dean of the School of Engineering, Applied Science, and Technology at the Canadian University Dubai (CUD), UAE. He earned his Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, Canada, and his M.Sc. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Waterloo, Canada. Since joining CUD in 2007, Moussa has led the School’s remarkable growth, overseeing the launch and accreditation of several engineering and computing programs, including Mechatronics Engineering, Computer Science, Cybersecurity, Software Design, Power and Renewable Energy Engineering, and the M.Sc. in Artificial Intelligence. His leadership has also advanced international collaborations, notably with Queen’s University and the University of Ottawa, and strengthened CUD’s engagement with industry partners in emerging technologies. Moussa’s research interests span wireless communication, computer networks, machine learning, and digital systems design. He has published widely in international journals and conferences, serves on technical committees, and is the recipient of the 2015 CUD Research Excellence Award. He is also the founder of CUD’s Robotics Club and a strong advocate for innovation and experiential learning in engineering education.

Habes Ali Khawaldeh, The Renewable Energy Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan

Habes Ali Khawaldeh (Member, IEEE) received the B.E. degree in electrical and computer engineering from The Hashemite University, Jordan, in 2009, and the M.S. degree in electrical power engineering from Yarmouk University, in 2013. In 2022, Habes received his Ph.D. degree in power electronics engineering from the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia. Since 2018, he has been a Casual Academician with UTS for various power electronics subjects. Since July 2009, he has been working as an electrical engineer with different companies in Jordan. He was a part-time Faculty Member with Yarmouk University for various power electronics subjects. He was a full-time Faculty Member with Al-Hussein Bin Talal University from 2015 to 2018. His current research interests include renewable energy (RE) systems, power converter design for RE applications, battery systems, multi-port DC/DC converters, and energy conversion systems for the smart grid. He received a Grant from Al al-Bayt University for his Ph.D. degree. He is currently a reviewer for several IEEE, IET, and Elsevier journals. Currently, Habes is an assistant professor at the University of Al al-Bayt in Jordan.

Marcin Wardach, West Pomeranian University of Technology Sikorskiego 37, 70-313 Szczecin, Poland

Marcin Wardach was born in Poland in 1980. He graduated and received the Ph.D. degree from the Electrical Department, Szczecin University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland, in 2004 and 2009, respectively. From 2020 until now, he has been an Associate Professor with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. Since 2024, he has served as Vice-Dean for Organization and Development and Head of the Department of Electrical Machines and Drives at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. From 2019 to 2025, he worked as an electrical machine designer at mPower Sp. z o.o. company. His research interests include the design of electrical machines and drives, especially unconventional and hybrid excited. He is the author of over 100 scientific papers and post-conference publications. Since 2022, he has been the President of the Szczecin Branch of the Association of Polish Electrical Engineers (SEP). He is also a member of the Polish Society of Theoretical and Applied Electrical Engineering.

Sergei Brovanov, Novosibirsk State Technical University Novosibirsk 630073, Russia

Sergei Brovanov received the engineer degree from the Industrial Electronics Department, Novosibirsk Electrotechnical Institute in 1987. In 1999, he became an Associate Professor in the Industrial Electronics Department, Novosibirsk State Technical University, where he has been a Professor since 2013. In 2004, he was a Visiting Professor at Ulsan University, South Korea. He is the author of one book and has also authored more than 150 papers. He had obtained 17 Russian patents. His current research interests include semiconductor converters, vector PWM of multilevel NPC converters, and semiconductor converters for electrical energy storage systems. In 1996–1997, he was awarded a scholarship from the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences. In 2023, he was awarded the State Prize of the Novosibirsk Region for the development of intelligent power electronic systems and devices. Brovanov currently is a professor in the electronics and electrical engineering Department at Novosibirsk State Technical University.

Ali Asghar Memon, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Electrical Engineering, Jamshoro, Pakistan

Ali Asghar Memon is professor in Electrical Engineering at Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro, Pakistan. He holds B.E. and M.E. in Electrical Engineering from Mehran University and Ph.D. from University of Leeds, UK. Memon is head of Electrical Machine and Drives group at Mehran University. He has been member of National Curriculum Review Committee in Pakistan. Memon has served as an expert evaluator for National Research Project for Universities (NRPU), Post doc fellowship and project(s) under Technology Development Fund (TDF), under Higher Education Commission (HEC), Government of Pakistan. Memon is a keynote speaker and reviewer of prestige international research journals. Memon’s interests include modeling and simulation of switched reluctance machines and inverters.

Emmanuel Karapidakis, School of Engineering Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos Campus, 71004 Heraklio, Crete, Greece

Emmanuel Karapidakis is an Electrical and Computer Engineer. He was Dean at School of Engineering from 2019 to 2025, and Director of Energy, Environment and Climate Change Institute IEECC (http://ieecc.hmu.grieecc.hmu.gr) in Hellenic Mediterranean University HMU (http://hmu.grhmu.gr). Since 2022, he is President of the Board in Hellenic Association of Electricity Storage Systems HAESS (http://www.haess.grwww.haess.gr). His research interest focuses on energy systems, power systems operation, diverse & dispersed generation, micro-grids, renewable energy technologies, energy storage, and energy markets. He is/was scientific coordinator (PI) in 12 European financed projects, 15 National programs and several private funded projects, with more than 8 million euros in total. He has published more than 120 papers (Scopus Author ID 6506872824) in prestigious journals and scientific conferences, and four scientific book chapters. From 2011 to 2015, he was Member of the Board in Regional Council of Innovation, and from 2015 to 2017, Member of Board in Energy Planning Council at Region of Crete.

Aris Dimeas, Athens National University of Technology Greece

Aris Dimeas is an Assistant Professor at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), with more than 20 years of experience in power systems operation, smart grids, and energy system digitalization. His expertise spans distribution and transmission system operation, renewable energy integration, microgrids, flexibility markets, artificial intelligence applications, and advanced control and decision-support software. He has played a leading technical and coordination role in more than 30 EU-funded research and innovation projects (H2020 and Horizon Europe), collaborating closely with TSOs, DSOs, regulators, industry, and the European Commission. His work bridges research and real-world deployment, with demonstrated impact on system supervision, resilience, market design, and data-driven grid operation, while his scientific contributions include high-impact publications in leading IEEE and international journals.

References

H. Wang, Speed Regulation and Control Technology of Switched Reluctance Motors, 2nd ed. Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2014.

N. Ali and M. Narimani, “A new three-level switched reluctance motor drive for electric vehicles,” in 2024 IEEE 21st International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (PEMC), Pilsen, Czech Republic, pp. 1–6, Sep. 2024. doi:10.1109/PEMC61721.2024.10726378.

K.-W. Hu, P.-H. Yi, and C.-M. Liaw, “An EV SRM drive powered by battery/supercapacitor with G2V and V2H/V2G capabilities,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 4714–4727, Aug. 2015. doi:10.1109/TIE.2015.2396873.

Z. Xia and J. Bauman, “An integrated modular converter for switched reluctance motor drives in range-extended electric vehicles,” in 2019 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), Detroit, MI, USA, pp. 1–7, June 2019. doi:10.1109/ITEC.2019.8790494.

Z. Yu, C. Gan, K. Ni, Y. Chen, and R. Qu, “Dual-electric-port bidirectional flux-modulated switched reluctance machine drive with multiple charging functions for electric vehicle applications,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 5818–5831, May 2021. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2020.3029822.

G. Han and H. Chen, “Improved power converter of SRM drive for electric vehicle with self-balanced capacitor voltages,” IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrific., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1339–1348, Sep. 2021. doi:10.1109/TTE.2020.3037111.

H.-C. Chen, W.-A. Wang, and B.-W. Huang, “Integrated driving/charging/discharging battery-powered four-phase switched reluctance motor drive with two current sensors,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 5019–5022, June 2019. doi:10.1109/TPEL.2018.2880259.

T. Wu, W. Li, K. Ni, S. Song, and M. Alkahtani, “Modular tri-port converter for switched reluctance motor based hybrid electrical vehicles,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 15989–15998, 2019. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2894818.

C. Gan, N. Jin, Q. Sun, W. Kong, Y. Hu, and L. M. Tolbert, “Multiport bidirectional SRM drives for solar-assisted hybrid electric bus powertrain with flexible driving and self-charging functions,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 8231–8245, Oct. 2018. doi:10.1109/TPEL.2017.2780622.

Q. Sun, H. Xie, X. Liu, F. Niu, and C. Gan, “Multiport PV-assisted electric-drive-reconstructed bidirectional charger with G2V and V2G/V2L functions for SRM drive-based EV application,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 3398–3408, June 2023. doi:10.1109/JESTPE.2023.3240434.

Y. Hu, C. Gan, W. Cao, Y. Fang, S. J. Finney, and J. Wu, “Solar PV-powered SRM drive for EVs with flexible energy control functions,” IEEE Trans. on Ind. Applicat., vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 3357–3366, July 2016. doi:10.1109/TIA.2016.2533604.

A. F. Dewi and S. Riyadi, “The impact of SRM rotor speed on regenerative braking to optimize the performance,” in 2019 IEEE Conference on Energy Conversion (CENCON), Yogyakarta, Indonesia, pp. 104–109, Oct. 2019. doi:10.1109/CENCON47160.2019.8974687.

V. F. Pires, A. J. Pires, A. Cordeiro, and D. Foito, “A review of the power converter interfaces for switched reluctance machines,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 13, p. 3490, July 2020. doi:10.3390/en13133490.

X.-H. Huang and G.-Q. Liu, “Research on brake control of switched reluctance motor,” in 2018 International Conference on Sensor Networks and Signal Processing (SNSP), Xi’an, China, pp. 361–364, Oct. 2018. doi:10.1109/SNSP.2018.00076.

M. Deepak, C. Bharatiraja, S. S. Williamson, and M. Krishnamurthy, “Enhanced direct torque control of SRM based on a novel multilevel hysteresis torque band with effective voltage vectors for low torque ripple,” IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 12758–12770, Dec. 2025. doi:10.1109/TTE.2025.3585500.

G. D. Wahyu and S. Riyadi, “PWM control strategy of regenerative braking to maximize the charging current into the battery in SRM drive,” in 2019 International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication (iSemantic), Semarang, Indonesia, pp. 523–527, Sep. 2019. doi:10.1109/ISEMANTIC.2019.8884342.

X. Sun, L. Feng, Z. Zhu, G. Lei, K. Diao, and Y. Guo, “Optimal design of terminal sliding mode controller for direct torque control of SRMs,” IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1445–1453, Mar. 2022. doi:10.1109/TTE.2021.3111889.

M. A. Gaafar, A. Abdelmaksoud, M. Orabi, H. Chen, and M. Dardeer, “Switched reluctance motor converters for electric vehicles applications: Comparative review,” IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrific., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 3526–3544, Sep. 2023. doi:10.1109/TTE.2022.3192429.

Downloads

Published

2026-06-30

How to Cite

[1]
C. . Zhang, “A Dual-Port Integrated Switched Reluctance Motor Power Converter for Electric Vehicles With Flexible Braking and Energy Recovery”, ACES Journal, vol. 41, no. 06, pp. 589–602, Jun. 2026.

Issue

2026: Vol 41 Iss 6

Section

New Technologies for Electrical Energy Generation & Electric Transportation

Categories