Finite Difference Analysis of an Open-Ended, Coaxial Sensor Made of Semi- Rigid Coaxial Cable for Determination of Moisture in Tenera Oil Palm Fruit

Authors

  • E. M. Cheng School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Putra Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  • Z. Abbas Physics Department, Faculty of Science Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
  • MohamedFareq AbdulMalek Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences University of Wollongong in Dubai, Al Sufouh StreetوDubai Knowledge Village - ةرا يبد ّ م - United Arab Emirates
  • K. Y. Lee Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science Tunku Abdul Rahman University, 53300 Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • K. Y. You Radio Communication Engineering Department (RaCED), Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor 81310, Malaysia
  • S. F. Khor School of Electrical Systems Engineering Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Putra Campus, Arau, Perlis 02600, Malaysia
  • J. Hassa Physics Department, Faculty of Science Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
  • H. Zainuddin Physics Department, Faculty of Science Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Keywords:

Finite difference method, moisture content, oil palm fruit, open-ended coaxial sensor, reflection coefficient

Abstract

In this paper, the use of the Finite Difference Method (FDM) is proposed to determine the reflection coefficient of an open-ended coaxial sensor for determining the moisture content of oil palm fruit. Semirigid open-ended coaxial sensor is used in conjunction with Vector Network Analyzer for reflection coefficient measurement of oil palm fruit. Moisture content in oil palm fruit determine optimum harvest time of oil palm fruit. Finite difference method is then used to simulate measured reflection coefficient due to different moisture contents in oil palm fruit at various stages of ripeness. The FDM results were found to be in good agreement with measured data when compared with the quasi-static and capacitance model. Overall, the mean errors in magnitude and phase for the FDM were 0.03 and 3.70°, respectively.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

C. W. S. Hartley, The Oil Palm. 3rd ed., Longman, London, 1988.

C. H. Teoh, “The Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia: From Seed to Frying Pan,” Report of WWF Malaysia, pp. 5, 2002.

A. Tola and T. B. Aishat, “Palm fruit in traditional African food culture,” Asia Pacific J. Clin. Nutr., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 350-354, 2003.

S. Y. Choong, S. Abbas, A. R. Shariff, R. Halim, M. H. S. Ismail, R. Yunus, S. Ali, and F. R. Ahmadun, “Digital image processing of oil palm fruits,” International Journal of Food Engineering, vol. 2, iss. 2, Article 7, 2006.

Z. May and M. H. Amaran, “Automated oil palm fruit grading system using artificial intelligence,” International Journal of Video & Image Processing and Network Security IJVIPNS-IJENS, vol. 11, no. 03, pp. 30-35, 2011.

A. Ariffin, “Fundamental aspects of oil and fats, In Improving Oil Extraction Rates in Palm Oil Mills, Sabah: CEPP and UTM, 2005.

A. Ariffin, “Biochemical aspects of ripeness standard,” In Proceedings of the Symposium on Impact of Pollination Weevil on the Malaysian Oil Palm Industry, Kuala Lumpur: Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, 1984.

A. Ariffin, S. R. Mat, M. Banjari, and O. W. E. Wan, “Morphological changes of the cellular component of the developing palm fruit (Tenera: Elaeis Guineesis),” Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia Bulletin, vol. 21, pp. 30-34, 1990.

K. Khalid and Z. Abbas, “A microstrip sensor for determination of harvesting time for oil palm fruits (Tenera: Elaeis Guineesis),” J. Microwave Power and Electromag. Energy, vol. 27, pp. 3-10, 1992.

Z. Abbas, Y. K. Yeow, A. H.Shaari, J. Hassan, E. Saion, K. B. Khalid, and A. Zakaria, “Fast and simple technique for determination of moisture content in oil palm fruits,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 44, no. 7A, pp. 5272-5274, 2005.

K. Y. Lee, Z. Abbas, N. S. Mohamed Dan, and K. Y. You, “Portable microwave instrumentation system for determination of moisture content in oil palm fruits,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 48, 2009.

Z. Abbas, K. Y. You, A. H. Shaari, K. Khalid, J. Hassan, and E. Saion, “Complex permittivity and moisture measurements of oil palm fruits using an open-ended coaxial sensor,” IEEE Sensor Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1281-1287, 2009.

S. Khandige and D. Misra, “Characterization of the layered dielectrics using an open-ended coaxial line sensor,” In Proceeding of Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements Digest, pp. 65-66., 27th June-1st July, 1994.

R. C. Rumpf, “Simple implementation of arbitrarily shaped total-field/scattered-field regions in finitedifference frequency-domain,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, vol. 36, pp. 221-248, 2012.

V. Demir, “Graphics processor unit (GPU) acceleration of finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) method,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research M, vol. 23, pp. 29-51, 2012.

I. Karuppannan, O. Omar, and A. Ariffin, “Profiles of biochemical changes during the development of oil palm mesocarp (Elaesis Guineensis),” Proc. Mal. Biochem. Soc. Conference, vol. 11, pp. 129- 134, 1986.

E. M. Cheng, M. F. B. A. Malek, M. Ahmed, K. Y. You, K. Y. Lee, and H. Nornikman, “The use of dielectric mixture equations to analyze the dielectric properties of a mixture of rubber tire dust and rice husks in a microwave absorber,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research, PIER, vol. 129, pp. 559-578, 2012.

A. Nyshadham, C. L. Sibbald, and S. S. Stuchly, “Permittivity measurements using open-ended sensors and reference liquid calibration – An uncertainty analysis,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 43, pp. 1986-1989, 1992.

K. Y. Lee, Z. Abbas, Y. K. Yeow, M. D. Nur Sharizan, and C. E. Meng, “In situ measurements of complex permittivity and moisture content in oil palm fruits,” Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 49, pp. 31201, 2010.

M. A. Jusoh, Z. Abbas, J. Hassan, B. Z. Azmi, and A. F. Ahmad, “A simple procedure to determine complex permittivity of moist material using standard commercial coaxial sensor,” Meas. Sci. Review, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 19-22, 2011.

V. M. Serdyuk, “Dielectric study of bound water in grain at radio and microwave frequencies,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research, PIER, vol. 84, pp. 379-406, 2008.

N. Marcuvtiz, Waveguide Handbook. Boston, MA: Boston Tech. Pub., pp. 213-216, 1964.

K. Y. You, Z. Abbas, and K. Khalid, “Application of microwave moisture sensor for determination of oil palm fruit ripeness,” Meas. Sci. Review, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 7-14, 2010.

A. Taflove, Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite Difference Time Domain Method. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1995.

M. F. Zainuddin, Z. Abbas, M. H. M. Hafizi, M. A. Jusoh, and M. H. H. Razali, “Monopole antenna technique for determining moisture content in the Dioscorea hispida tuber,” Australian Journal of Crop Science, AJCS, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-6, 2013.

A. H. Ali, Z. B. Abbas, J. B. Hassan, A. B. Jusoh, and R. B. M. Zahari, “Microwave antenna sensing technique for determination of moisture content in Hevea latex from Hevea Brasiliensis tree,” Australian Journal of Crop Science, AJCS, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 1326-1333, 2011.

F. Ansarudin, Z. Abbas, J. Hassan, N. Z. Yahaya, and M. A. Ismail, “A simple insulated monopole sensor technique for determination of moisture content in Hevea rubber latex,” Meas. Sci. Review, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 249-254, 2012.

K. Y. You, H. K. Mun, L. L. You, J. Salleh, and Z. Abbas, “A small and slim coaxial probe for single rice grain moisture sensing,” Sensors, vol. 13, pp. 3652-3663, 2013.

Downloads

Published

2021-08-08

How to Cite

[1]
E. M. Cheng, “Finite Difference Analysis of an Open-Ended, Coaxial Sensor Made of Semi- Rigid Coaxial Cable for Determination of Moisture in Tenera Oil Palm Fruit”, ACES Journal, vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 1181–1192, Aug. 2021.

Issue

2016: Vol 31 Iss 10

Section

Articles