Pedestrian lower limb injury criteria evaluation
A finite element approach
Keywords:
lower limb model, injury criteria, knee ligaments, pedestrian impactAbstract
In the field of pedestrian injury biomechanics, knees and lower legs are highly recruited during crash situations, leading to joint damage and bones failures. This paper shows how numerical simulation can be used to complete injury mechanism analysis and then to postulate on a knee injury criteria in lateral impact. It focuses on relationships between ultimate lateral bending and shearing at the knee level and potential ligament damage, based on subsystem experimental tests. These ultimate knee lateral bendings and shearings for potential failure of ligaments (posterior cruciate, medial collateral, cruciates and tibial collateral) were estimated at 16° and 15 mm in pure lateral shearing and bending impact tests respectively. Then this methodology was applied on a full test of pedestrian impact.
Downloads
References
Arnoux P.J., Modélisation des ligaments des membres porteurs, Ph D. Thesis, Université de
la Méditerranée, 2000.
Arnoux P.J., Kang H. S., Kayvantash K., “The Radioss Human model for Safety”, Archives of
Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 109, 2001, p. 109.
Arnoux P.J., Cavallero C., Chabrand P., Brunet C., “Knee ligaments failure under dynamic
loadings”. International Journal of Crashworthiness, Vol 7 (3), 2002, pp. 255-268.
Arnoux P. J., Thollon L., Kayvantash K., Behr M., Cavallero C., Brunet C., “Advanced lower
limb model with Radioss, application to frontal and lateral impact Radios lower limb
model for safety”, Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference, 2002.
Arnoux P.J., Kang H.S., Kayvantash K., Brunet C., Cavallero C., Beillas P., Yang H., “The
Radioss Lower Limb Model for safety: application to lateral impacts”, International
Radioss user Conference. Sophia, June 2001.
Arnoux P. J., Cesari D., Behr M., Thollon L., Brunet C., “Pedestrian lower limb injury
criteria evaluation a finite element approach”, under press in Traffic Injury Prevention
journal, 2004.
Atkinson P., A stress based damage criterion to predict articular joint injury from subfracture
insult, Ph.D. thesis, Michigan State University 1998.
Atkinson P.J., Haut R., Eusebi C., Maripudi V., Hill T., Sambatur K., “Development of injury
criteria for human surrogates to address current trends in knee-to-instrument panel
injury”, Stapp Car Crash Conference Proceedings, pp. 13-28, 1998.
Attarian D.E., Mc. Crackin H.J., Mc. Elhaney J.H., DeVito D.P., Garrett W.E.,
“Biomechanics characteristics of the human ankle ligaments”, Foot and Ankle, vol. 6.,
N°. 2, pp. 54-58, 1985.
Banglmaier, R.F., Dvoracek-Driskna, D., Oniang'o, T.E., and Haut, R.C. “Axial compressive
load response of the 90 degrees flexed human tibio femoral joint”, 43rd Stapp Car Crash
Conf. Proceedings. 1999, pp. 127-138.
Beaugonin M., Haug E., Cesari D., “A numerical model of the human ankle/foot under
impact loading in inversion and eversion”, 40th Stapp Car Crash Conference Proc.,
Beaugonin M., Haug E., Cesari D., “Improvement of numerical ankle/foot model: modeling
of deformable bone”, 41th Stapp Car Crash Conference Proc., 1997.
Bedewi P.G., Bedewi N.E., “Modelling of occupant biomechanics with emphasis on the
analysis of lower extremitiey injuries”, International Journal of Crash, Vol. (1): p. 50-72,
Behr M., Arnoux P. J., Serre T., Bidal S., Kang H.S., Thollon L., Cavallero C., Kayvantash
K., Brunet C., “A Human model for Road Safety : From geometrical acquisition to Model
Validation with Radioss”, International Journal on Computer Methods in Biomechanics
and Biomedical Engineering, vol 6, No. 4, 2003.
Behr M., Arnoux P.J., Thollon L., Serre T., Cavallero C., Brunet C., “Towards integration of
muscle tone in lower limbs subjectes to impacts”, IX International Symposium on
Computer Simulation in Biomechanics, Juin 2003, Sydney, Australia.
Beillas P., Arnoux P. J., Brunet C., Begeman P., Cavallero C., Yang K., King A., Kang H. S.,
Kayvantash K., Prasad P., “Lower Limb: Advanced FE Model and New Experimental
Data”, International Journal of STAPP - ASME, vol. 45, pp. 469-493, 2001.
Beillas P., Modélisation des membres inférieurs en situation de choc automobile, Ph.D.
thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers, Paris, France, 1999.
Beillas P., Lavaste F., Nicoloupoulos D., Kayventash K., Yang K. H., Robin S., “Foot and
ankle finite element modeling using CT-scan data”, Stapp Car Crash Conference Proc.
Bennett, M.B. and Ker, R.F., “The mechanical properties of the human subcalcaneal fat pad
in compression”. J. of Anat., 171, p.131-138, 1990.
Bidal S., Reconstruction tridimensionnelle d’éléments anatomique et génération automatique
de maillages éléments finis optimisés, PhD. Thesis, Université de Provence, 2003.
Bose D., Bhalla K., Rooij L., Millington S., Studley A., Crandall J., “Response of the Knee
joint to the pedestrian impact loading environment”, SAE World Congress, 2004.
Burstein A.H., Currey J.D., Frankel V.H., Reilly D.T., “The ultimate properties of bone
tissue: the effects of yielding”, J. of Biomech., p. 35, 1972.
Chawla A., Mukherjee S., Mohan D., Parihar A., “Validation of Lower Extremity Model in
THUMS”, IRCOBI conference, 2004.
Crandall J.R., Portier L., Petit P., Hall G.W., Bass C.R., Klopp G.S., Hurwitz S., Pilkey
W.D., Trosseille X., Tarriere C., and Lassau J.P., “Biomechanical response and physical
properties of the leg, foot, and ankle”, 40th Stapp Car Crash Conference Proc. SAE,
pp. 173-192, 1996.
Goldstein S.A., “The mechanical properties of trabecular bone: dependence on anatomic
location and function”, Journal of Biomechanics. Vol. 20, (11.12), p. 1055-1061, 1987.
Grzegorz Teresinski, Roman Madro, “Pelvis and hip injuries as a reconstructive factors in
car-to-pedestrian accidents”, Forensic Science International 124, pp 68-73, 2001.
Haut R. C., Atkinson P. J., “Insult to the human cadaver patellofemoral joint : effect of age on
fracture tolerence and occult injury”, 39th Stapp Car Crash Conference Proc., SAE, 1995.
Hayashi S., Choi H.Y., Levine R.S., Yang K.H., King A.I., “Experimental and analytical
study of knee fracture mechanisms in a frontal knee impact”, 40th Stapp Car Crash Conf.
Proc., p. 161, 1996.
IHRA/PS/200, International Harmonized Research Activities, Pedestrian Safety Working
Group Report, 2001.
Johnson G.A., “A single integral finite strain viscoelastic model of ligaments and tendons.” J.
of Biomech. Eng., vol. 118, pp. 221-226, 1996.
Kajzer J., Cavallero C., Bonnoit J., Morjane A., Ghanouchi S., “Response of the knee joint in
lateral impact: Effect of bending moment”, Proc. IRCOBI, pp. 105-116, 1993.
Kajzer J., Cavallero C., Bonnoit J., Morjane A., Ghanouchi S., “Response of the knee joint in
lateral impact: Effect of shearing loads”, Proc. IRCOBY, pp. 293-304, 1990.
Kennedy J.C., Weinberg H.W., Wilson A.S., “The anatomie and function of the anterior
cruciate ligament”, J. Bone Joint Surg., vol. 56, pp. 223-235, 1974.
Kerrigan J.R., Ivarsson B.J., Bose D., Madeley N.J., Millington S.A., Bhalla K. S., Crandall
J.R., “Rate sensitive constitutive and failure properties of human collateral knee
ligaments”, IRCOBI conference, pp. 193, 2003.
Li L.P., Buschmann M.D., Shirazi-Adl A., “Stain rate depedent stiffness of articular cartilage
in unconfined compression”, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, Vol. 125, pp. 161-
, 2003.
Lizee E., Robin S., Soong E., Bertholon N., Le Coz J. Y., Besnault B., Lavaste F.,
“Developpement of a 3D finite element model of the human body”, Proc. Stapp Car
Crash Conf., pp. 215-238, 1998.
Marinozzi G., Pappalardo S., Steindler R., “Human knee ligaments: mechanical tests and
ultrastructural observations”. Ital. J. Orthop. Traum., Vol. 9, pp. 231-240, 1982.
Mcelhaney J.H., “Dynamic response of bone and muscle tissue”, J. Appl. Physiol, 21(4):
pp. 1231-1236, 1966.
Mow V.C., Kuei S.C., Lai W.M., Holmes M.H., “Biphasic creep and stress relaxation of
articular cartilage in compression. Theory and experiment”, Journal of Biomechanical
engineering, 102, 1980, pp. 73-84.
Noyes F.R., “The strength of the anterior cruciate ligament in humans and rhesus monkeys”,
J. of Bone & Joint Surgery, pp. 1074-1081, 1976.
Nyquist G.W., Cheng R., El-Bohy A.R., King A.I.. “Tibia bending : strength and response”,
th Stapp Car Crash Conference Proc., pp. 99-112, SAE, 1985.
Parenteau C.S., Foot and Ankle joint response – epidemiology, biomechanics and
mathematical modeling, Ph. D. thesis, Chalmers Univ. 1996.
Prietto M.P., Bain J.R., Stonebrook S.N., Settleage R.A., “Tensile strength of the human
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)”, Trans. Orthop. Res. Soc., vol. 17, pp. 124, 1992.
Race A., “The mechanical properties of the two bundles of the human posterior cruciate
ligament”, J. Biomech., vol 9, pp. 449-452, 1976.
Radin E.L., Paul I.L., Lowy M., “A comparison of the dynamic force transmitting properties
in subchondral bone and articular cartilage”, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 52A,
, 444-456.
Reilly D.T., Burstein A.H., “The elastic and ultimate properties of compact bone tissue”,
Journal of Biomechanics, p. 393, 1975.
Repo, R. and Finlay, J., “Survival of articular cartilage after controlled impact”, Journal of
Bone Joint and Surgery, (59), 1977, pp. 1068.
Schuster P.J., Chou C.C., Prasad P., Jayaraman G., “Development and Validation of a
Pedestrian Lower Limb Non-Linear 3-D Finite Element Model”, 44th Stapp Car Crash
Conference Proceedings, Atlanta, 2000-01-SC21, 2000.
Stutts J.C., Hunter, W.W., “Motor vehicle and roadway factors in pedestrian and bicyclists
injuries: an examination based on emergency department data”, Accident analysis and
prevention, Volume 31, No 5, 1999, pp. 505-514.
Subit D., Modélisation de la liaison os ligament dans l’articulation du genou, PhD. Thesis,
Université de la Méditerranée, 2004.
Tannous R.E., Bandak F.A., Toridis T.G., Eppinger R.H., “A three-dimensional finite
element model of the human ankle: development and preliminary application to axial
impulsive loading”, 40th Stapp Car Crash Conference Proc., SAE. pp. 219-238, 1996.
Thollon L., Modélisation du membre thoracique dans le cadre d’un choc latéral: Approche
expérimentale et numérique, Ph. D. Thesis, Université de la Méditerranée, 2001.
Thollon L., Arnoux P. J., Kayvantash K., Cavallero C., Brunet C., “From dummy criteria to
injury evaluation using Humos Radioss finite element model”, Proceedings of the
IRCOBI conference, 2002.
Tropiano P., Thollon L., Arnoux P.J., Behr M., Kayvantash K., Brunet C., Finite element
analysis and virtual traumatology : Application to Neck-injury in frontal crash situations,
Spine, Vol. 29, N°16, 2004, pp. 1709-1716.
Viano D.C., Culver C.C., Haut R.C., Melvin J.W., Bender M., Culver R.H., Levine R.S.,
“Bolster impacts to the knee and tibia of human cadavers and an anthropomorphic
dummy”, 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference Proc., 1978, pp. 401.
Viidick A., “Functional properties of collagenous tissues”, Int. Rev. of connective tissue
research, Vol 6, Academic press, New York, 1973.
Yamada H, Strength of biological matérials, Edited by F. Gaynor Evans, 1970.
Yang J., Injury Biomechanics in car pedestrian collisions: development, validation and
application of Human-Body mathematical models, Ph.D. thesis, Chalmers University
