A NEW END-USER COMPOSITION MODEL TO EMPOWER KNOWLEDGE WORKERS TO DEVELOP RICH INTERNET APPLICATIONS
Keywords:
end-user programming, user-centred service-oriented architectures, rich internet applicationAbstract
Enabling real end-user programming development is the next logical stage in the evolution of Internetwide service-based applications. Even so, the vision of end users programming their own web-based solutions has not yet materialized. This will continue to be so unless both industry and the research community rise to the ambitious challenge of devising an end-to-end compositional model for developing a new age of end-user web application development tools. This paper describes a new composition model designed to empower programming-illiterate end users to create and share their own off-the-shelf rich Internet applications in a fully visual fashion. This paper presents the main insights and outcomes of our research and development efforts as part of a number of successful European Union research projects. A framework implementing this model was developed as part of the European Seventh Framework Programme FAST Project and the Spanish EzWeb Project and allowed us to validate the rationale behind our approach.
Downloads
References
Gartner Inc (2006), Hype cycle for software as a service in Gartner research, in Gartner Inc
Report.
OASIS (2003), Web services composite application framework, in ws-caf tc.
Service Front End Open Alliance (2009), Building the front end of the future internet of services,
in EU Technical report.
T. Janner, R.Siebeck, C. Schroth and V. Hoyer (2009), Patterns for Enterprise Mashups in B2B
Collaborations to Foster Lightweight Composition and End User Development, in Proceedings of
the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Web Services (ICWS '09), IEEE Computer Society,
Washington, DC, USA, pp. 976-983.
S. Meliá, J. Gómez, S. Pérez, O. Díaz, (2010), Architectural and Technological Variability in Rich
Internet Applications, Internet Computing, IEEE, vol.14, no.3, pp.24-32.
A. P. McAfee (2006), Enterprise 2.0: The dawn of emergent collaboration, in MIT Sloan
Management Review, 47, 3, pp. 21–28.
T. O'Reilly (2005), What is web 2.0: Design patterns and business models for the next generation
of software, in O’Reilly Media Inc. tech report.
H. Lieberman, F. Paternò and V. Wulf (2006), End User Development, Ed. Springer.
I. Garrigós, J. Gomez and G.-J. Houben (2010), Specification of personalization in web
application design, in Inf. Softw. Technol. 52, 9, pp. 991-1010.
D. Lizcano, M. Jiménez, J. Soriano, J. M. Cantera, M. Reyes, J.J. Hierro, F. Garijo and N.
Tsouroulas (2008), Leveraging the upcoming internet of services through an open user-service
front-end framework, in Towards a Service-Based Internet, Proceedings of the ServiceWave 2008
Conference; volume 5377 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science.
M. Gaedke (2008), Web Engineering: Creating Solutions in the Age of Emotion, SOA, and Web
0, Tutorial in the 17th International World Wide Web Conference, Beijing, China, April 20,
J.C. Preciado, M. Linaje, S. Comai, S., F. Sanchez-Figueroa (2007), Designing Rich Internet
Applications with Web Engineering Methodologies, in Proceedings of the 9th IEEE International
Workshop on Web Site Evolution (WSE 2007), pp.23-30, 5-6 Oct.
A. Blackwell and T. R. G. Green (1999), Investment of Attention as an Analytic Approach to
Cognitive Dimensions, in Collected Papers of the 11th Annu. Workshop Psychology of
Programming Interest Group (PPIG-11), T. R. G. Green, R. H. Abdullah & P. Brna, Eds. , 1999,
Leeds, UK. pp. 24-35.
T. H. Davenport (2005), Thinking for a living: How to get better performance and results from
knowledge workers, Ed Harvard Business Press, Boston, Massachusetts.
C. Anderson (2006), The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More, in
Hyperion, 2006.
D. Lizcano, J. Soriano, M. Reyes and J.J. Hierro (2009), A user-centric approach for developing
and deploying service front-ends in the future internet of services, in International Journal of Web
and Grid Services, Vol. 5, issue 2, pp.155-191.
P.E. Johnson (1983), What Kind Of Expert Should A System Be?, in Journal of Medicine and
Philosophy, 8, 1, pp. 77-97.
J. Soriano, D. Lizcano, M.A. Canas, M. Reyes, and J.J. Hierro (2007), Fostering Innovation in a
Mashup-oriented Enterprise 2.0 Collaboration Environment, in System and Information Science
Notes, 1, pp. 62-69.
C. Scaffidi, M. Shaw and B.A. Myers (2005), Estimating the numbers of end users and end user
programmers, in Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-
Centric Computing; pp. 207-214; IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA.
R.T. Fielding (2000), Architectural styles and the design of network-based software architectures,
in doctoral dissertation at University of California, Irvine.
IBM (2008), Services sciences, management and engineering, in Technical report, IBM, retrieved
at http://www.research.ibm.com/ssme.
G. Toffetti, S. Comai, J.C. Preciado and M. Linaje (2011), State-of-the Art and trends in the
Systematic Development of Rich Internet Applications, in Journal of Web Engineering, Rinton
Press, 10, 1 March 15, 2011, pp. 070-086.
J. Wong and J. I. Hong (2007), Making mashups with marmite: towards end-user programming
for the web, in Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems;
-1444; ACM, New York, NY, USA.
Z. Obrenovic and D. Gasevic (2009), Mashing up oil and water: Combining heterogeneous
services for diverse users, in IEEE Internet Computing, 13, 6, pp. 56-64.
Open Mashup Alliance (2011), Official web site, retrieved at http://www.openmashup.org
J.H. Wu, Y.C. Chen and L.M. Lin (2007), Empirical evaluation of the revised end user computing
acceptance model, in Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 1, pp. 162 – 174.
S. P. Jones, A. Blackwell and M. Burnett (2003), A user-centred approach to functions in excel, in
Proceedings of the eighth ACM SIGPLAN international conference on Functional programming.
Sweden, EU, ACM Press, pp. 165–176.
D. Lizcano, F. Alonso, J. Soriano and G. López (2011), End-User Development Success Factors
and their Application to Composite Web Development Environments, in Proceedings of The Sixth
International Conference on Systems (ICONS 2011), St. Maarten, The Netherlands Antilles. Ed.
IEEE Computer Society Press.
D. Lizcano, J. Soriano, R. Fernández, J. López and M. Reyes (2008), Tackling interoperability in
composite applications from an Enterprise Mash-up perspective, in Proceedings of the 14th
International Conference on Concurrent Enterprising (ICE 2008), Centre for Concurrent
Enterprise, Nottingham University Business School, pp. 991-1000.
R. W. Floyd (1979), The paradigms of programming, in Commun ACM 22, 8, pp. 455-460.
Y. Deshpande, S. Murugesan, A. Ginige, S. Hansen, D. Schwabe, M. Gaedke and B. White
(2002), Web Engineering, in the Journal of Web Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2002), Rinton Press.
A. I. Morch, G. Stevens, M. Won, M. Klann, Y. Dittrich and V. Wulf (2004), Component-based
technologies for end-user development, in Commun. ACM 47, 9 (September 2004), pp. 59-62.
C. Pautasso and G. Alonso (2003), Visual composition of web services, in Proceedings of the
Twelfth International World Wide Web Conference, pp. 92-99.
D. Lizcano, J. Soriano, M. Reyes and J.J. Hierro (2008), EzWeb/FAST: Reporting on a successful
mashup-based solution for developing and deploying composite applications in the upcoming web
of services, in ACM Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Information Integration
and Web-based Applications & Services, iiWAS 2008, pp.15-24. ISBN 978-1-60558-349-5.
Networked European Software and Services Initiative (2011), Official web site, retrieved at
NESSI Open Framework – Reference ArchitecturePproject (2011), Official web site, retrieved at
V. Wulf, V. Pipek and M. Won (2009), Component-based tailorability: Enabling highly flexible
software applications, in International Journal of Human Computer Studies 66, 1, pp. 1-22.
D. Lizcano (2010), Formalisation of the End-User Software Development Paradigm, in doctoral
dissertation at Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
U. Assmann (2003), Invasive Software Composition, in Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
J. Sametinger (1997), Software Engineering with Reusable Components, Ed. Springer.
X. Liang, I. Marmaridis, and A. Ginige (2007), Facilitating Agile Model Driven Development and
End-User Development for Evolving Web-based Workflow Applications, in Proceedings of the
IEEE International Conference on e-Business Engineering (ICEBE '07). IEEE Computer Society,
Washington, DC, USA, pp. 231-238
P.Freudenstein, M. Nussbaumer, F. Majer and M. Gaedke (2007), A Workflow-Driven Approach
for the Efficient Integration of Web Services in Portals, in IEEE International Conference on
Services Computing (SCC 2007) pp.410-417, 9-13 July 2007.
B. Christian and R. Christoph (2000), A comparison of service discovery protocols and
implementation of the service location protocol, in Proceedings of the 6th EUNICE Open
European Summer School: Innovative Internet Applications, Technische Universität München
(TUM).
L. Clement, A. Hately, C. von Riegen and T. Rogers (2004), UDDI Version 3.0. 2, in UDDI Spec
Technical Committee Draft 10.
C. Peltz (2003), Web services orchestration and choreography, in Computer 36, 10, pp. 46-52.
T. Nestler, M. Feldmann, A. Preussner and A. Schill (2009), Service Composition at the
Presentation Layer using Web Service Annotations, in First International Workshop on
Lightweight Integration on the Web (ComposableWeb 09), pp. 63-68.
C. Pautasso (2004), A Flexible System for Visual Service Composition, in Ph.D. thesis, Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology Zurich.
B. De Silva and A. Ginige (2007), Meta-model to support end-user development of web based
business information systems, in Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Web
engineering (ICWE'07), Luciano Baresi, Piero Fraternali, and Geert-Jan Houben (Eds.). Springer-
Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 248-253.
M. P. Papazoglou and D. Georgakopoulus (2003), Service-oriented computing, in
Communications of the ACM; 46, 10, pp. 25-28.
Gartner Inc (2001), Enterprise Applications - Adoption of E-Business and Document
Technologies: 2000-2001 North America Executive Summary, in Technical report on AIIM,
BookStore and Gartner.
A. Heil, M. Gaedke and J. Meinecke (2009), Modeling Resources in a Service-Oriented World, in
Proceedings of the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 1-10.
P. J. Molina, I. Torres, O. Pastor (2003), User Interface Patterns for Object-Oriented Navigation,
in Upgrade, Human-Computer Interaction: Overcoming Barriers Vol. 4, issue 1, February 2003.
P. J. Morrison (2008), Tagging and searching: Search retrieval effectiveness of folksonomies on
the World Wide Web, Information Processing & Management, 44, 4, pp. 1562-1579
D. McIlroy (1968), Software Engineering, report on a conference sponsored by the NATO Science
Committee, Garmisch, Germany, 7th to 11th October 1968, retrieved at http://cm.belllabs.
com/cm/cs/who/doug/components.txt
J. Díaz, O. López and J. Fons (2001), From User Requirements to User Interfaces: A
Methodological Approach, in Advanced Information Systems Engineering, Lecture Notes in
Computer Science, 2068. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. pp. 60-75.
S. Sendall and W. Kozaczynski (2003), Model transformation: The heart and soul of model-driven
software development, in IEEE software 2003, pp. 42-45.
S. Ceri, F. Daniel, M. Matera and F. Facca (2007), Model-driven development of context-aware
web applications, in ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT), 7, 1.
J. Rumbaugh, I. Jacobson and G. Booch (2004), Unified Modeling Language Reference Manual,
in The 2nd Edition of Addison-Wesley Object Technology Series, Addison-Wesley Professional.
S. Ortiz-Chamorro, G. Rossi and D. Schwabe (2010), Use of Hypermedia Tools for End-User
Development, in Current Trends in Web Engineering, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol.
, pp. 533-537.
N. Narayanan and R. Hbscher (1997), Visual language theory: Towards a human-computer
interaction perspective, in K. Marriot & B. Meyer (Eds.) Visual Language Theory; pp. 85-127;
Springer-Verlag.
B. Shneiderman (2003), Promoting universal usability with multi-layer interface design, in
Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Universal usability, 1-8; ACM, New York, NY, USA.
M. Govindaraju (2003), Merging the CCA component model with the OGSI framework, in
CCGrid03 Proceedings; volume 5(8); pp.182-189.
A. Fukunaga, W. Pree and T.D. Kimura (1993), Functions as objects in a data flow based visual
language, in Proceedings of the 1993 ACM conference on Computer Science, pp. 215-220.
V. R. Aragao and A. A. Fernandes (2003), Conflict resolution in web service federations, in
Proceedings of the International Conference on Web Services (ICWS-Europe 2003), volume 2853
of LNCS, pp. 109-122, Springer.
Open Mashup Alliance (2011), Enterprise Mashup Markup Language (EMML), available at
http://www.openmashup.org/omadocs/v1.0/index.html
E. Prud'Hommeaux and A. Seaborne (2006), SPARQL query language for RDF, in W3C working
draft, 4.
D. Crockford (2006), The application/json media type for JavaScript object notation (JSON), in
RFC 4627, IETF.
C. Forgy (1982), Rete: A fast algorithm for the many pattern/many object pattern matching
problem, in Artificial Intelligence, 19, 1, pp. 17-37.
EzWeb Project (2011), Official web site, available at http://ezweb.morfeo-project.org/lng/en
FAST Project (2011), Official web site, available at http://fast-fp7project.morfeoproject.
org/lng/en
D. Lizcano (2011), Description of the Problems Set to Evaluate the EUD Paradigm, available at
http://apolo.ls.fi.upm.es/eud/problems_description.pdf
EzWeb Catalogue (2011), Catalogue of available end-user building blocks, video available at
http://ezweb.tid.es/ezweb/videos/catalogo/catalogo.htm
D. Lizcano (2011), Description of the development process enacted by surveyed users, available at
http://apolo.ls.fi.upm.es/eud/solution_development_process.pdf
Demo EzWeb Project (2011), Official demo web site, available at http://demo.ezweb.morfeoproject.
org
Demo FAST Project (2011), Official demo web site, available at http://demo.fast.morfeoproject.
org
EzWeb/FAST Projects (2011), 10-minute user’s manual of EzWeb/FAST, see
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFt2LBlxkwU and
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpoRhnF8_1A
J. Soriano, D. Lizcano, M.Á. Cañas, M. Reyes and J.J. Hierro (2007), Fostering innovation in a
mashup-oriented enterprise 2.0 collaboration environment, in System and Information Science
Notes, 1, 1, pp. 62-69, SIWN Conf. Adaptive Business Systems, Chengdu, China.
Programmable Web (2011), Official web site, available at http://www.programmableweb.com
E.L. Lehmann and J. P. Romano (2006), Testing Statistical Hypotheses, Ed. Springer, New York.
D. Lizcano (2011), Statistical Survey of the EUD Paradigm, in online tech report available at
http://apolo.ls.fi.upm.es/eud/eud_paradigm_evaluation.pdf
J. Bosch (1997), Object-Oriented Frameworks – Problems and Experiences, in Research Report
Series, Blekinge Institute of Technology, issue 9.
V. Hoyer, A. Fuchsloch, S. Kramer, K Moller and J. López (2010), Evaluation of the
implementation, in Technical Report D6.4.1, FAST Consortium February 2010. URL
https://files.morfeo-project.org/fast/public/M24/D6.4.1_ScenarioEvaluation_M24_Final.pdf.
D. Lizcano (2011), Statistical Survey of the End-User Development Paradigm, available at
C. Tejo-Alonso, S. Fernandez, D. Berrueta, L. Polo, M.J. Fernandez and V. Morlan (2010),
eZaragoza, a tourist promotional mashup, retrieved at
http://idi.fundacionctic.org/eZaragoza/ezaragoza.pdf
Andalusia’s Regional Government (2011), Official web site, retrieved at
http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/index.html
G. Fischer, K. Nakakoji and Y. Ye (2009), Metadesign: Guidelines for Supporting Domain
Experts in Software Development, in IEEE Software, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 37-44.
M. Erwig (2009), Software Engineering for Spreadsheets, in IEEE Software, vol.26, no.5, pp.25-
A. P. McAfee (2006), Enterprise 2.0: The dawn of emergent collaboration, in MIT Sloan
Management Review, 47, 3, pp. 21–28.