TOWARDS A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH FOR THE CREDIBILITY OF HUMANCENTRIC WEB APPLICATIONS
Keywords:
Agile Development, Credibility, Feasibility, Pattern, Quality Model, SemioticsAbstract
The apparent “socialization” of the Web brings new prospects as well as challenges. In this paper, the issue of credibility of Web Applications in the light of increased human participation and collaboration is considered. The stakeholder types to which credibility of Web Applications is relevant are identified. Based on a taxonomy of credibility, the origins of the issue of credibility specific to human-centric Web Applications are explored and examples in support are presented. The role of addressing credibility within the auspices of flexible and iterative development processes is emphasized. A framework for understanding and addressing the credibility of human-centric Web Applications in a methodical manner is proposed. This framework includes quality attributes of concern to stakeholders and process- and productoriented means for addressing them in a feasible manner. Finally, extensions of the framework, including implications towards the Semantic Web, are briefly outlined.
Downloads
References
Abran, A., Cuadrado, J. J., García-Barriocanal, E., Mendes, O., Sánchez-Alonso, S., & Sicilia, M. A. (2006).
Engineering the Ontology for the SWEBOK: Issues and Techniques. In: Ontologies for Software Engineering and
Software Technology. C. Calero, F. Ruiz, & M. Piattini (Eds.). Springer-Verlag. 103-121.
Abran, A., Moore, J. W., Bourque, P., & Dupuis, R. (2001). Guide to the Software Engineering Body of
Knowledge - SWEBOK. IEEE Computer Society.
Albarracin, D., & Kumkale, G. T. (2003). Affect as Information in Persuasion: A Model of Affect
Identification and Discounting. J. Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 453-469.
Appleton, B. A. (1997). Patterns and Software: Essential Concepts and Terminology. Object Magazine
Online, 3(5), 20-25.
Arrue, M., Vigo, M., & Abascal, J. (2005). Quantitative Metrics for Web Accessibility Evaluation. First
Workshop on Web Measurement and Metrics (WMM 2005), Sydney, Australia, July 26, 2005.
Avizienis, A., Laprie, J.-C., & Randell, B. (2000). Fundamental Concepts of Dependability. Third IEEE
Information Survivability Workshop (ISW 2000), Boston, USA, October 24-26, 2000.
Beck, K., & Andres, C. (2005). Extreme Programming Explained: Embrace Change (Second Edition).
Addison-Wesley.
Berander, P., & Andrews, A. (2005). Requirements Prioritization. In: A. Aurum & C. Wohlin (Eds.).
Engineering and Managing Software Requirements. Springer-Verlag, 69-94.
Boehner, K., DePaula, R., Dourish, P., & Sengers, P. (2007). How Emotion is Made and Measured.
International J. Human-Computer Studies, 65, 275-291.
Brajnik, G. (2001). Towards Valid Quality Models for Web Sites. The Seventh Conference on Human
Factors and the Web (HFWeb 2001), Madison, USA, June 4-6, 2001.
Bruce, B. C. (2001). Credibility of Web: Why We Need Dialectical Reading. J. of Philosophy of Education,
(1), 97-109.
Burkell, J. (2004). Health Information Seals of Approval: What Do They Signify? Information,
Communication & Society, 7(4), 491-509.
Carduci, M., & Isaak, J. (2003). Standards and Web Site Credibility. The Third IEEE Conference on
Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT2003), Delft, The Netherlands, October 22-24,
Cassidy, W. P. (2007). Online News Credibility: An Examination of the Perceptions of Newspaper
Journalists. J. Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(2).
Chisholm, W., Vanderheiden, G., & Jacobs, I. (1999). Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0. W3C
Recommendation. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
Choi, S. M., & Rifon, N. J. (2002). Antecedents and Consequences of Web Advertising Credibility: A Study
of Consumer Response to Banner Advertisements. J. Interactive Advertising, 3(1).
Clemen, R. T. (1996). Making Hard Decisions: An Introduction to Decision Analysis (Second Edition).
Duxbury Press.
Constantine, L. L., & Lockwood, L. A. D. (2002). Usage-Centered Engineering for Web Applications. IEEE
Software, 19(2), 42-50.
Consumer Reports WebWatch. (2005). Leap of Faith: Using the Internet Despite the Dangers. Results of a
National Survey of Internet Users for Consumer Reports WebWatch. A Consumer Reports WebWatch Research
Report, 2005.
Conte, T. U., (2005). Reading Techniques for Web Application Design. The Nineteenth Brazilian
Symposium on Software Engineering (SBES 2005), Uberlândia, Brazil, October 3-7, 2005.
Curzon, S. (2005). Credibility: Seven Teaching Challenges. Internet Credibility and User Symposium,
Seattle, USA, April 11-13, 2005.
Danielson, D. R. (2006). Web Credibility. In: Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction. C. Ghaoui
(Ed.). Idea Group.
De Troyer, O. (2001). Audience-Driven Web Design. In: Information Modeling in the New Millennium. M.
Rossi & K. Siau (Eds.). Idea Group.
Dromey, R. G. (2003). Software Quality - Prevention Versus Cure? Software Quality Journal, 11(3), 197-
Dustin, E., Rashka, J., & McDiarmid, D. (2001). Quality Web Systems: Performance, Security, and
Usability. Addison-Wesley.
Engelbart, D. C. (1995). Toward Augmenting the Human Intellect and Boosting our Collective IQ. Comm.
ACM, 38(8), 30-33.
Eppler, M. J. (2001). The Concept of Information Quality: An Interdisciplinary Evaluation of Recent
Information Quality Frameworks. Studies in Communication Sciences, 1(2), 167-182.
Eysenbach, G., Powell, J., Kuss, O., Sa, E.-R. (2002). Empirical Studies Assessing the Quality of Health
Information for Consumers on the World Wide Web: A Systematic Review. J. American Medical Association,
(20), 2691-2700.
Fenton, N. E., & Pfleeger, S. L. (1997). Software Metrics: A Rigorous & Practical Approach. International
Thomson Computer Press.
Fogg, B. J., Soohoo, C., Danielson, D., Marable, L., Stanford, J., & Tauber, E. R. (2002). How do Users
Evaluate the Credibility of Web Sites?: A Study with Over 2,500 Participants. The 2003 Conference on Designing
for User Experiences (DX 2003), San Francisco, USA, June 6-7, 2003.
Fogg, B. J. (2003). Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do. Morgan
Kaufmann Publishers.
Fogg, B. J., & Tseng, S. (1999). The Elements of Computer Credibility. The ACM CHI 99 Conference on
Human Factors in Computing Systems, Pittsburgh, USA, May 15-20, 1999.
Friedman, B. (2005). Credibility by Design. Internet Credibility and the User Symposium, Seattle, USA,
April 11-13, 2005.
Gibson, D. A. (2002). Communities and Reputation on the Web. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California,
Berkeley, USA.
Graham, I. (2003). A Pattern Language for Web Usability. Addison-Wesley.
Gruber, T. R. (1993). Toward Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing. In:
Formal Ontology in Conceptual Analysis and Knowledge Representation. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Hadjerrouit, S. (2005). Designing a Pedagogical Model for Web Engineering Education: An Evolutionary
Perspective. J. Information Technology Education, 4, 115-140.
Hansen, S., Deshpande, Y., & Murugesan, S. (2001). A Skills Hierarchy for Web Information System
Development. In: Web Engineering: Managing Diversity and Complexity of Web Application Development. S.
Murugesan & Y. Desphande (Eds.). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2016, Springer-Verlag, 223-236.
Hasan, L. R., & Abuelrub, E. (2006). Criteria for Evaluating Quality of Websites. The Sixth IBIMA
Conference on Managing Information in Digital Economy, Bonn, Germany, June 19-21, 2006.
Hendler, J., Lassila, O., & Berners-Lee, T. (2001). The Semantic Web. Scientific American, 284(5), 34-43.
Highsmith, J. (2002). Agile Software Development Ecosystems. Addison-Wesley.
Hoschka, P. (1998). From Basic Groupware to the Social Web. ACM SIGGROUP Bulletin, 19(2), 5-9.
Ivory, M. Y. (2001). An Empirical Foundation for Automated Web Interface Evaluation. Ph.D. Thesis,
University of California, Berkeley, USA.
Jacobs, I., & Walsh, N. (2004). Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One. W3C Recommendation.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
Johnson, D. G. (1997). Ethics Online. Comm. ACM, 40(1), 60-65.
Jordan, K., Hauser, J., & Foster, S. (2003). The Augmented Social Network: Building Identity and Trust into
the Next-Generation Internet. First Monday, 8(8).
Kamthan, P. (1999). E-Commerce on the WWW: A Matter of Trust. Internet Related Technologies
(IRT.ORG).
Kamthan, P., & Pai, H.-I. (2006a). Representation of Web Application Patterns in OWL. In: D. Taniar & J.
W. Rahayu (Eds.). Web Semantics and Ontology. Idea Group, 41-67.
Kamthan, P., & Pai, H.-I. (2006b). Human-Centric Challenges in Ontology Engineering for the Semantic
Web: A Perspective from Patterns Ontology. The Seventeenth Annual Information Resources Management
Association International Conference (IRMA 2006), Washington, D.C., USA. May 21-24, 2006.
Kamthan, P., & Pai, H.-I. (2007). Personalizing Web Portals. In: Encyclopedia of Portal Technologies and
Applications, Volume 2. A. Tatnall (Ed.). Idea Group, 699-704.
Kappel, G., Pröll, B., Reich, S., & Retschitzegger, W. (2006). Web Engineering. John Wiley and Sons.
Kasanoff, B. (2002). Making it Personal: How to Profit from Personalization without Invading Privacy. John
Wiley and Sons.
Kotonya, G., & Sommerville, I. (1998). Requirements Engineering: Processes and Techniques. John Wiley
and Sons.
Kruchten, P. (2004). The Rational Unified Process: An Introduction (Third Edition). Addison-Wesley.
Krunić, T., Ružić-Dimitrijević, L., Petrović, B., & Farkaš, R. (2006). Web Design Curriculum and Syllabus
Based on Web Design Practice and Students’ Prior Knowledge. J. Information Technology Education, 5, 317-335.
Lazar, J. (2001). User-Centered Web Development. Jones and Bartlett.
Lazar, J. (2005). Tools and Technology for Web Credibility. Internet Credibility and the User Symposium,
Seattle, USA, April 11-13, 2005.
McGregor, J. D. (2007). Dependability. J. Object Technology, 6(3), 7-12.
Mendes, E., & Mosley, N. (2006). Web Engineering. Springer-Verlag.
Mendes, O., & Abran, A. (2004). Software Engineering Ontology: A Development Methodology. Metrics
News, 9(1), 64-71.
Metzger, M. (2005). Understanding How Internet Users Make Sense of Credibility: A Review of the State of
Our Knowledge and Recommendations for Theory, Policy, and Practice. Internet Credibility and the User
Symposium, Seattle, USA, April 11-13, 2005.
Mich, L., Franch, M., & Gaio, L. (2003). Evaluating and Designing Web Site Quality. IEEE Multimedia,
(1), 34-43.
Nagura, R., Seki, Y., Kando, N., & Aono, M. (2006). A Method of Rating the Credibility of News
Documents on the Web. The Twenty Ninth Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and
Development on Information Retrieval (SIGIR 2006), Seattle, USA, August 6-11, 2006.
Nguyen, H. Q., Johnson, R., & Hackett, M. (2003). Testing Applications on the Web: Test Planning for
Mobile and Internet-Based Systems (Second Edition). John Wiley and Sons.
Nielsen, J. (2000). Designing Web Usability: The Practice of Simplicity. New Riders Publishing.
Offutt, J. (2002). Quality Attributes of Web Software Applications. IEEE Software, 19(2), 25-32.
Olsina, L., & Rossi, G. (2002). Measuring Web Application Quality with WebQEM. IEEE Multimedia, 9(4),
-29.
O’Reilly, T. (2005). What Is Web 2.0: Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of
Software. O’Reilly Network, September 30, 2005.
Paine, C., Reips, U.-D., Stieger, S., Joinson, A., & Buchanan, T. (2007). Internet Users’ Perceptions of
‘Privacy Concerns’ and ‘Privacy Actions’. International J. Human-Computer Studies, 65, 526-536.
Paulk, M. C., Weber, C. V., Curtis, B., & Chrissis, M. B. (1995). The Capability Maturity Model: Guidelines
for Improving the Software Process. Addison-Wesley.
Pertet, S. M., & Narasimhan, P. (2005). Causes of Failure in Web Applications. PDL Technical Report PDLCMU-
-109. Carnegie Mellon University, USA.
Resnick, P., Zeckhauser, R., Friedman, E., & Kuwabara, K. (2000). Reputation Systems. Comm. ACM,
(12), 45-48.
Reynolds, G. (2003). Ethics in Information Technology. Thompson Publishing Group.
Riegelsberger, J., Sasse, M. A., & McCarthy, J. D. (2005). The Mechanics of Trust: A Framework for
Research and Design. International J. Human-Computer Studies, 62(3), 381-422.
Rieh, S. Y., & Belkin, N. J. (1998). Understanding Judgment of Information Quality and Cognitive Authority
in the WWW. The Sixty First American Society for Information Science Annual Meeting (ASIS 1998),
Pittsburgh, USA, October 24-29, 1998.
Ross, M. (2002). Quality in Web Design for Visually Impaired Users. Software Quality J., 10(4), 285-298.
Rossi, G., Pastor, O., Schwabe, D., & Olsina, L. (2008). Web Engineering: Modelling and Implementing
Web Applications. Springer-Verlag.
Scapin, D. L., Leulier, C., Bastien, J. M. C., Vanderdonckt, J., Mariage, C., Farenc, C. Palanque, P., &
Bastide, R. (2000). Transferring Knowledge of User Interfaces Guidelines to the Web. Ergonomie et Interaction
Homme-Machine (ErgoIHM 2000), Biarritz, France, October 7-8, 2000.
Schneiderman, B. (2000). Designing Trust into Online Experiences. Comm. ACM, 43(12), 57-59.
Schneidewind, N. F., & Fenton, N. E. (1996). Do Standards Improve Product Quality? IEEE Software, 13(1),
-24.
Segerståhl, K., & Jokela, T. (2006). Usability of Interaction Patterns. CHI 2006 Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems, Montréal, Canada, April 22-27, 2006.
Shanks, G. (1999). Semiotic Approach to Understanding Representation in Information Systems. Information
Systems Foundations Workshop, Sydney, Australia, September 29, 1999.
Sillence, E., Briggs, P., Harris, P, & Fishwick, L. (2006). A Framework for Understanding Trust Factors in
Web-Based Health Advice. International J. Human-Computer Studies, 64(8), 697-713.
Simon, H. (1996). The Sciences of the Artificial (Third Edition). The MIT Press.
Stamper, R. (1992). Signs, Organizations, Norms and Information Systems. The Third Australian Conference
on Information Systems, Wollongong, Australia, October 5-8, 1992.
Stanford, J., Tauber, E., Fogg, B. J., Marable, L. (2002). Experts vs. Online Consumers: A Comparative
Credibility Study of Health and Finance Web Sites. A Consumer Reports WebWatch Research Report, 2002.
Stein, L. (1998). Web Security: A Step-by-Step Reference Guide. Addison-Wesley.
Tavani, H. T. (2004). Ethics and Technology: Ethical Issues in an Age of Information and Communication
Technology. John Wiley and Sons.
Tidwell, J. (2005). Designing Interfaces: Patterns for Effective Interaction Design. O’Reilly Media.
Tractinsky, N., Cokhavi, A., Kirschenbaum, M., & Sharfi, T. (2006). Evaluating the Consistency of
Immediate Aesthetic Perceptions of Web Pages. International J. Human-Computer Studies, 64(11), 1071-1083.
Van Duyne, D. K., Landay, J., & Hong, J. I. (2003). The Design of Sites: Patterns, Principles, and Processes
for Crafting a Customer-Centered Web Experience. Addison-Wesley.
Vanderdonckt, J. (1999). Development Milestones towards a Tool for Working with Guidelines, Interacting
with Computers, 12(2), 81-118.
Vossen, G., Lytras, M., & Koudas, N. (2007). Revisiting the (Machine) Semantic Web: The Missing Layers
for the Human Semantic Web. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 19(11), 145-148.
Wallace, D., Raggett, I., & Aufgang, J. (2002). Extreme Programming for Web Projects. Addison-Wesley.
Walther, J. B., Wang, Z., & Loh, T. (2004). The Effect of Top-Level Domains and Advertisements on Health
Web Site Credibility. J. Medical Internet Research, 6(3), 2004.
Wathen, C. N., & Burkell, J. (2002). Believe It or Not: Factors Influencing Credibility on the Web. J.
American Society for Information Science and Technology, 53(2), 134-144.
Wiegers, K. E. (2002). Peer Reviews in Software: A Practical Guide. Addison-Wesley.
Wiegers, K. E. (2003). Software Requirements (Second Edition). Microsoft Press.
Wang, Y. D., & Emurian, H. H. (2005). An Overview of Online Trust: Concepts, Elements and Implications.
Computers in Human Behavior, 21, 105-125.
Wong, B. (2006). Different Views of Software Quality. In: Measuring Information Systems Delivery
Quality. E. Duggan & J. Reichgelt (Eds.), Idea Group, 55-88.
