Safety Assessment of Gender-specific Human Electromagnetic Exposure with Aortic Valve Stents for EV-WPT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13052/2024.ACES.J.390810Keywords:
Aortic valve stents (AVS), deep neural network, electric vehicle (EV), electromagnetic exposure safety, human model, wireless power transfer (WPT)Abstract
Electric vehicle wireless power transfer brings additional electromagnetic exposure (EME) risks to the human body, especially those with metal implants. This paper focuses on the safety assessment of human EME with aortic valve stents (AVS), and establishes electromagnetic simulation models for different genders of humans, AVS, and electric vehicle-wireless power transfer (EV-WPT) systems. The transmission power of the EV-WPT system is 11 kW. Considering the uncertainty of the EV-WPT system and AVS in practical use, an efficient deep neural network method is proposed to evaluate the EME safety to different genders of humans. Using the standard limits of the International Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) as the judgment standard, comparing human EME under static conditions, it is demonstrated that AVS can change the distribution of induced electric fields in the human body and increase the risk of human EME. Moreover, the probability of male human EME exceeding the standard limits is 22.78% higher than that of female human.
Downloads
References
P. Machura, V. De Santis, and Q. Li, “Driving range of electric vehicles charged by wireless power transfer,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 5968-5982, June 2020.
W. Zhang and C. C. Mi, “Compensation topologies of high-power wireless power transfer systems,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 4768-4778, June 2016.
H. Zhou, A. Zhu, Q. Deng, J. Chen, F. Yang, and W. Hu, “Protection strategy for wireless charging electrical vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 13510-13520, Nov. 2020.
J. M. Miller, O. C. Onar, and M. Chinthavali, “Primary-side power flow control of wireless power transfer for electric vehicle charging,” IEEE Trans. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 147-162, Mar. 2015.
P. Moreno-Torres Concha, P. Velez, M. Lafoz, and J. R. Arribas, “Passenger exposure to magnetic fields due to the batteries of an electric vehicle,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 4564-4571, June 2016.
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, “Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic fields (1 Hz to 100 kHz),” Health Phys., vol. 99, pp. 818-836, 2010.
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, “Gaps in knowledge relevant to the ‘Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic fields (1 Hz-100 kHz),” Health Phys., vol. 118, no. 5, pp. 533-542,2020.
“IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz,” IEEE Standard C95.1, 2019.
“Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-in/Electric Vehicles and Alignment Methodology,” SAE Standard J2954_202010 [Online]. Available: https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j2954_202010/
L. Perpétuo, A. S. Barros, J. Dalsuco, R. Nogueira-Ferreira, P. Resende-Gonçalves, I. Falcão-Pires, R. Ferreira, A. Leite-Moreira, F. Trindade, and R. Vitorino, “Coronary artery disease and aortic valve stenosis: A urine proteomics study,” Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 23, no. 21, pp. 13579, Nov. 2022.
M. Kim, W. Lee, K. Kim, H. Lim, and Y. J. Kim, “A preclinical trial of periventricular pulmonary valve implantation: Pericardial versus aortic porcine valves mounted on self-expandable stent,” Artif. Organs., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. E89-E100, Oct. 2020.
D. Poljak, M. Cvetković, O. Bottauscio, A. Hirata, I. Laakso, and E. Neufeld, “On the use of conformal models and methods in dosimetry for nonuniform field exposure,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 328-337, Apr. 2018.
J. Xi, A. Christ, and N. Kuster, “Coverage factors for efficient demonstration of compliance of low-frequency magnetic near-field exposures with basic restrictions,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 68, no. 3, Feb. 2023.
A. El-Shahat, J. Danjuma, A.Y. Abdelaziz, and S. H. E. Abdel Aleem, “Human exposure influence analysis for wireless electric vehicle battery charging,” Clean Technol. vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 785-805, 2022.
J. Chakarothai, K. Wake, T. Arima, S. Watanabe, and T. Uno, “Exposure evaluation of an actual wireless power transfer system for an electric vehicle with near-field measurement,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 1543-1552, Mar. 2018.
B. Choi, E. Kim, W. Shin, S. Park, and K. Kim. “Exposure assessment of a 20-kW wireless power transfer system for electric vehicles,” Int. J. Automot. Technol., vol. 21, pp. 1349-1353, 2020.
A. Christ, M. G. Douglas, J. M. Roman, E. B. Cooper, A. P. Sample, and B. H. Waters, “Evaluation of wireless resonant power transfer systems with human electromagnetic exposure limits,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 265-274, Apr. 2013.
S. Park, “Evaluation of electromagnetic exposure during 85 kHz wireless power transfer for electric vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 1-8, Jan. 2018.
Q. Wang, W. Li, J. Kang, and Y. Wang, “Electromagnetic safety evaluation and protection methods for a wireless charging system in an electric vehicle,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 1913-1925, Dec. 2019.
I. A. Shah, Y. Cho, and H. Yoo, “Safety evaluation of medical implants in the human body for a wireless power transfer system in an electric vehicle,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 681-691, June 2021.
I. A. Shah and H. Yoo, “Assessing human exposure with medical implants to electromagnetic fields from a wireless power transmission system in an electric vehicle,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 338-345, Apr.2020.
T. Wang, Q. Yu, B. Li, G. Lv, Y. Wu, and S. Guan, “Uncertainty quantification of human electromagnetic exposure from electric vehicle wireless power transfer system,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 8886-8896, Aug. 2023.
T. Wang, B. Li, K. Zhao, Q. Yu, L. Xu, Y. Chi, and S. Guan, “Evaluation of electromagnetic exposure of the human with a coronary stent implant from an electric vehicle wireless power transfer device,” Electronics, vol. 12, no. 20, p. 4231, 2023.
M. Aenis, A. P. Stancampiano, A. K. Wakhloo, and B. B. Lieber, “Modeling of flow in a straight stented and nonstented side wall aneurysm model,” J. Biomech. Eng., vol. 119, no. 2, pp. 206-212, May 1997.
T. Ando and H. Takagi, “Percutaneous closure of paravalvular regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: A systematic review,” Clin. Cardiol., vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 608-614, 2016.
A. Christ, M. Douglas, J. Nadakuduti, and N. Kuster, “Assessing human exposure to electromagnetic fields from wireless power transmission systems,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1482-1493, June 2013.