Development of a Low Profile and Wideband Backward-Wave Directional Coupler Using Neural Network
Keywords:
Defected ground structure, directional coupler, neural networkAbstract
In this paper, a low profile and wideband backward-wave directional coupler is introduced. It operates similar to the composite right left handed (CRLH) couplers. Two different mechanisms including connections between the coupled lines to provide shunt inductance for odd mode and defected ground structure (DGS) to add series capacitance for even mode are applied to obtain high performance and wideband coupler. Neural network process is used to obtain the optimized parameters of the proposed coupler. The introduced coupler is then numerically investigated using full wave simulator software. A prototype of the proposed coupler is fabricated and successfully tested. The measured results are in a good agreement with those obtained by simulation. The measured coupling level is 0.49 dB over the frequency range from 6.5 GHz up to 14 GHz, which shows fractional bandwidth of 73.2%.
Downloads
References
L. K. Yeung and K. Wu, “A dual-band coupled line balun filter,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 55, pp. 2406-2411, 2007.
A. M. Qaroot and N. I. Dib, “General design of N-way multi-frequency unequal split Wilkinson power divider using transmission line transformers,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, vol. 14, pp. 115-129, 2010.
C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Guided-Wave Applications. in Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications, 1st ed., Ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 227-249, 2006.
J. Lange, “Interdigital stripline quadrature hybrid,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1150-1151, Dec. 1969.
C. Caloz, A. Sanada, and T. Itoh, “A novel composite right/left-handed coupled-line directional coupler with arbitrary coupling level and broad bandwidth,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 980-992, Mar. 2004.
Z. S. Tabatabaeian and M. H. Neshati, “Design investigation of an X-band SIW H-plane band pass filter with improved stop band using neural network optimization,” The Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1083-1088, Oct. 2015.
D. J. C. MacKay, Bayesian Interpolation, Neural Computation. MIT Press Journals, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 415-447, May 1992.
W. R. Eisenstadt and Y. Eo, “S-parameter-based IC interconnect transmission line characterization,” IEEE Trans. Comp., Hybrids, Manufact. Technol., vol. 15, pp. 483-490, Aug. 1992.
M. Hrobak, M. Sterns, E. Seler, M. Schramm, and L. P. Schmidt, “Design and construction of an ultra-wideband backward wave directional coupler,” IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 6, pp. 1048-1055, Oct. 2012.
Y. Ma, H. Zhang, and Y. Li, “Novel symmetrical coupled-line directional coupler based on resonanttype composite right/left handed transmission lines,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research, vol. 140, pp. 213-226, 2013.
M. Chudzik, I. Arnedo, A. Lujambio, I. Arregui, F. Teberio, D. Benito, T. Lopetegi, and M. A. G. Laso, “Design of EBG microstrip directional coupler with high directivity and coupling,” Proceedings of the 42nd European Microwave Conference, pp. 483-486, 2012.
H. Mextorf and R. Knöchel, “The intrinsic impedance and its application to backward and forward coupled-line couplers,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 62, pp. 224-233, 2014.
R. Islam and G. V. Eleftheriades, “Review of the microstrip/negative-refractive-index transmissionline coupled-line coupler,” IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 6, pp. 31-45, 2012.
C. Liu and W. Menzel, “A microstrip diplexer from metamaterial transmission lines,” IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, pp. 65-68, 2009.
A. Pourzadi, A. R. Attari, and M. S. Majedi, “A directivity-enhanced directional coupler using epsilon negative transmission line,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 3395-3402, Nov. 2012.
