Evaluation of Temperature Elevation in Human Ocular Tissues due to Wireless Eyewear Devices
关键词:
FDTD, ocular tissues, temperature, wireless eyewear device摘要
In this paper, a numerical study is proposed to evaluate the temperature variation in the human ocular tissues during the electromagnetic radiation exposure from wireless eyewear device. The results show that the temperature in the whole eyeball increases gradually as the exposure time goes on and could reach the thermal steady state at about 30 minutes. During this process, the temperature increments in different ocular tissues are between 1.1°C and 1.7°C. The results also show the maximal ratio of temperature increments in the initial 5 and 10 minutes to that of the whole steady state could reach to 42.9% and 69.2%, respectively. Therefore, we believe that electromagnetic radiation from wireless eyewear device might pose a threat on the health of the human eyes. People should decrease the talk time as soon as possible to protect their eyes from the possible health hazards. Finally, attention is paid to evaluate the relationship between the maximal SAR and the temperature increments. The results show the temperature increments do not increase in direct proportion to the maximal SAR, which indicates that the maximal SAR and the temperature increments should be taken into account simultaneously while evaluating the biological effect of microwave on the ocular tissues.
##plugins.generic.usageStats.downloads##
参考
A. Cihangir, W. G. Whittow, C. J. Panagamuwa, F. Ferrero, G. Jacquemod, F. Gianesello, and C. Luxey, “Feasibility study of 4G cellular antennas for eyewear communicating devices,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 12, pp. 1704-1707, Oct. 2013.
A. Cihangir, C. Luxey, G. Jacquemod, R. Pilard, F. Gianesello, W. G. Whittow, and C. J. Panagamuwa, “Investigation of the effect of metallic frames on 4G eyewear antennas,” Antennas and Propagation Conference IEEE, pp. 60-63, Nov. 2014.
“WHO research agenda for radiofrequency fields,” World Health Organization, 2010.
A. Dovrat, R. Berenson, E. Bormusov, A. Lahav, T Lustman, N. Sharon, and L. Schächter. “Localized effects of microwave radiation on the intact eye lens in culture conditions,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 398-405, July 2005.
E. Diem, C. Schwarz, F. Adlkofer, O. Jahn, and H. Rüdiger, “Non-thermal DNA breakage by mobilephone radiation (1800MHz) in human fibroblasts and in transformed GFSH-R17 rat granulosa cells in vitro,” Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, vol. 583, no. 2, pp. 178-183, June 2005.
A. B. Sharma, “A Review: Source and Effect of Mobile Communication Radiation on Human Health,” Advances in Wireless and Mobile Communications, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 423-435. 2017.
“IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic field as possibly carcinogenic to humans France,” International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, 2011.
“IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz - Amendment 1: Specifies Ceiling Limits for Induced and Contact Current, Clarifies Distinctions between Localized Exposure and Spatial Peak Power Density,” IEEE, 2010.
ICNIRP, “Guidelines for limiting exposure to timevarying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz),” Health Phys., vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 494-522, 1998.
J. Q. Lan, T. Hong, X. Liang, and G. H. Du, “Evaluation of Microwave Microdosimetry for Human Eyes with Glasses Exposed to Wireless Eyewear Devices at Phone Call State,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, vol. 63, pp. 71-81, Jan. 2018;
T. Wessapan and P. Rattanadecho, “Flow and heat transfer in biological tissue due to electromagnetic near-field exposure effects,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 97, pp. 174-184, June 2016.
M. A. Stuchly, “Health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields,” Aerospace Applications Conference IEEE, vol. 1, pp. 351-368, 1995.
T. Ryota, N. Tomoaki, N. Kosuke, S. Kazuyuki, W. Soichi, and T. Masaharu, “Specific absorption rate and temperature increase in pregnant women at 13, 18, and 26 weeks of gestation due to electromagnetic wave radiation from a smartphone,” IEICE Communications Express, 2018XBL0026.
R. Morimoto, I. Laakso, De. S. Valerio and A. Hirata, “Relationship between peak spatial-averaged specific absorption rate and peak temperature elevation in human head in frequency range of 1- 30 GHz,” Physics in Medicine & Biology, vol. 61, no. 14, pp. 5406-5425, July 2017.
Y. L. Diao, S. W. Leung, K. H. Chan, W. N. Sun, Y. M. Siu, and R. Kong, “Detailed modeling of palpebral fissure and its influence on SAR and temperature rise in human eye under GHz exposures, ” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 256-263, Apr. 2016.
C. Li, Q, Chen, Y, Xie, and T. Wu, “Dosimetric study on eye’s exposure to wide band radio frequency electromagnetic fields: variability by the ocular axial length,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 324-336, Feb. 2014.
G. C. Van Rhoon, T. Samaras, P. S. Yarmolenko, M. W. Dewhirst, Esra Neufeld, and Niels Kuster, “CEM43A degrees C thermal dose thresholds: A potential guide for magnetic; resonance radiofrequency exposure levels?,” European Radiology, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 2215-2227, Aug. 2013.
C. Buccella, V. De Santis, and M. Feliziani, “Prediction of temperature increase in human eyes due to RF sources,” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 825-833, Nov. 2007.
G. M. Van Leeuwen, J. J. Lagendijk, B. J. Van Leersum, A. P. Zwamborn, S. N. Hornsleth, and A. N. Kotte, “Calculation of change in brain temperatures due to exposure to a mobile phone,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 2367-2379, Oct. 1999.
J. Wang and O. Fujiwara, “FDTD computation of temperature rise in the human head for portable telephones,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 1528- 1534. Aug. 1999.
J. Q. Lan, X. Liang, T. Hong, and G. H. Du, “On the effects of glasses on the SAR in human head resulting from wireless eyewear devices at phone call state,” Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, vol. 136, pp. 29-36, Aug. 2018.
P. J. Dimbylow and S. M. Mann, “SAR calculations in an anatomically realistic model of the head for mobile communication transceivers at 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 39, pp. 1537- 1553, 1994.
C. Buccella, V. D. Santis, and M. Feliziani, “Numerical Prediction of SAR and Thermal Elevation in a 0.25-mm 3-D Model of the Human Eye Exposed to Handheld Transmitters,” IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 1-6, July 2007.
A. O. Rodrigues, L. Malta, J. J. Viana, L. O. C. Rodrigues, and J. A. Ramirez, “A head model for the calculation of SAR and temperature rise induced by cellular phones,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 44, no. 6. pp. 1446-1449, May 2008.
O. P. Gandhi, G. Lazzi and C. M. Furse, “Electromagnetic absorption in the human head and neck for mobile telephones at 835 and 1900 MHz,” IEEE T. Microw. Theory, vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 1884-1897, Oct. 1996.
G. M. Van Leeuwen, J. J. Lagendijk, B. J. Van Leersum, A. P Zwamborn, and S. N. Hornsleth, “Calculation of change in brain temperatures due to exposure to a mobile phone,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 2367-2379. Oct. 1999;
M. A. Jensen and Y. Rahmat-Samii, “EM interaction of handset antennas and a human in personal communications,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 83, pp. 7-17, 1995.
P. J. Dimbylowt and O. P. Gandhif, “Finitedifference time-domain calculations of SAR in a realistic heterogeneous model of the head for plane-wave exposure from 600 MHz to 3 GHz,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 36, no. 1. pp. 1075-1089, Jan. 1991.
J. A. Scott, “The computation of temperature rises in the human eye induced by infrared radiation,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 243-257, Feb. 1988.
J. A. Scott, “A finite element model of heat transport in the human eye,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 227-241, Feb. 1988.
J. C. Lin, Advances in Electromagnetic Fields in Living Systems. Springer, New York, 2005.
C. Gabriel, R. J. Sheppard, and E. H. Grant, “Dielectric properties of ocular tissues at 37 degrees C,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 43- 49, Jan. 1983.
S. C. DeMarco, G. Lazzi, W. Liu, and J. D. Weiland, “Computed SAR and thermal elevation in a 0.25-mm 2-D model of the human eye and head in response to an implanted retinal stimulator-Part I: Models and methods,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 2274-2285, Sep. 2003.
A. H. Brien, “The myopia epidemic is there a role for corneal refractive therapy?,” Eye Contact Lens, vol. 30, pp. 244-246, Oct. 2004.
W. G. Whittow, “Specific absorption rate perturbations in the eyes and head by metallic spectacles at personal radio communication frequencies,” PhD thesis EEE Dept.: University of Sheffield UK, 2004.
K. S. Yee, “Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell’s equations in isotropic media,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-14, pp. 302-307, May 1966.
Z. S. Sacks, D. M. Kinsland, and J. F. Lee, “A perfectly matched anisotropic absorber for use as an absorbing boundary condition,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 1460-1463, Dec. 1995.
S. D. Gedney, “An anisotropic perfectly matched layer absorbing media for the truncation of FDTD lattices,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 1630-1639, June 1996.
I. S. Kim and W. J. Hoefer, “A local mesh refinement algorithm for the time domain-finite difference method using Maxwell's curl equations,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 812-815, June 1990.
H. H. Pennes, “Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm,” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 1, pp. 93-122, 1948.
W. He, B. Xu, M. Gustafsson, Z. Ying, and S. He, “RF compliance study of temperature elevation in human head model around 28 GHz for 5G user equipment application: Simulation analysis,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 830-838, Nov. 2018.
P. Kramar, C. Harris, A. F. Emeryand, and A. W. Guy, “Acute microwave irradiation and cataract formation in rabbits and monkeys,” Journal of Microwave Power, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 239-249, Sep. 1978.
C. Buccella, V. De Santis, and M. Feliziani, “Prediction of temperature increase in human eyes due to RF sources” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 49, pp. 825- 833, 2007.
H. C. Zhu, Y. H. Liao, W. Xiao, J. H. Ye, and K. M. Huang, “Transformation optics for computing heating process in microwave applicators with moving elements,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 1434-1442, Nov. 2017.
H. C. Zhu, T. Gulati, A. K. Datta, and K. M. Huang, “Microwave drying of spheres: Coupled electromagnetics-multiphase transport modeling with experimentation. Part I: Model development and experimental methodology,” Food and Bioproducts Processing, vol. 96, pp. 314-325, Oct. 2015.
W. L.Briggs, Multigrid Tutorial. Philadelphia: SIAM, 1987.
I. Laakso, “Assessment of the computational uncertainty of temperature rise and SAR in the eyes andbrain under far-field exposure from 1 to 10 GHz,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 3393- 3404, May 2009
