A Top-down Approach to S-UTD-CH Model
关键词:
Diffraction, FEKO, radio wave propagation, Ray-tracing, S-UTD-CH model摘要
Free space electromagnetic wave propagation is an excessively pretty simple. However, in the reality, there are obstructions like buildings and hills blocking the electromagnetic waves and leading diffraction and reflection, and these obstructions can be modeled as a knife edge or wedge due to using of UHF. Hence, the vital problem is how an electromagnetic wave propagates in multiple diffraction scenario including buildings, trees, hills, cars etc. In order to estimate the field strength or relative path loss of the waves at the receiver, so many electromagnetic wave propagation models have been introduced throughout the century. Ray tracing and numerical integration based propagation models are introduced. In this paper, detailed information is provided about S-UTD-CH (Slope UTD with Convex Hull) model. Particularly, in the transition zone, the S-UTD-CH model can be applied to multiple diffraction scenarios. In addition, Fresnel zone concept, convex hull and slope UTD models are fundamentals of the S-UTD-CH model. Moreover, in terms of computation time and accuracy, the S-UTD-CH model is conceived an optimum model. Furthermore, verification of S-UTD-CH model is made by means of FEKO, which is a comprehensive electromagnetic simulation software tool by Altair.
##plugins.generic.usageStats.downloads##
参考
V. A. Borovikov and B. E. Kinber, Geometrical Theory of Diffraction. Institution of Electrical
J. B. Keller, “Geometrical theory of diffraction,” Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 116-130, 1962.
C. A. Balanis, L. Sevgi, and P. Y. Ufimtsev, “Fifty years of high frequency diffraction,” International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1-6, 2013.
M. Schneider and R. J. Luebbers, “A uniform double diffraction coefficient,” Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, San Jose, CA, vol. 3, pp. 1270-1273, June 1989.
R. J. Luebbers, “Finite conductivity uniform GTD versus knife edge diffraction in prediction of propagation path loss,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas Propagation, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 70-76, 1984.
L. J. Graeme, Geometrical Theory of Diffraction for Electromagnetic Waves. Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, UK, 1976.
J. Deygout, “Multiple knife-edge diffraction of microwaves,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas Propagation, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 480-489, 1966.
J. Walfisch and H. L. Bertoni, “A theoretical model of UHF propagation in urban environment,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas Propagation, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 1788-1796, 1988.
C. Tzaras and S. R. Saunders, “Comparison of multiple-diffraction models for digital broadcasting coverage prediction,” IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 221-226, 2000.
R. G. Kouyoumjian and P. H. Pathak, “Uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for an edge in a perfectly conducting surface,” Proceedings of IEEE, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 1448-1461, 1974.
E. Yazgan, “A simple formulation of UTD for some reflector antennas,” International Journal of Electronics, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 283-288, 1989.
A. Kara and E. Yazgan, “Roof shape modelling for multiple diffraction loss in cellular mobile communication systems,” International Journal of Electronics, vol. 89, no. 10, pp. 753-758, 2002.
J. B. Andersen, “Transition zone diffraction by multiple edges,” IEEE Proceedings Microwave Antennas and Propagation, vol. 141, no. 5, pp. 382-384, 1994.
J. B. Andersen, “UTD multiple-edge transition zone diffraction,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 1093-1097, 1997.
K. Rizk, R. Valenzuela, D. Chizhik, and F. Gardiol, “Application of the slope diffraction method for urban microwave propagation prediction,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Ottawa, Ont., vol. 2, pp. 1150-1155, May 1998.
C. Tzaras and S. R. Saunders, “An improved heuristic UTD solution for multiple-edge transition zone diffraction,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas Propagation, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 1678-1682, 2001.
L. Vogler, “An attenuation function for multiple knife-edge diffraction,” Radio Science, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1541-1546, 1982.
A. Kara, E. Yazgan, and H. L. Bertoni, “Limit and application range of slope diffraction for wireless communication,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas Propagation, vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 2514-2514, 2003.
M. B. Tabakcioglu and A. Kara, “Comparison of improved slope UTD method with UTD based methods and physical optic solution for multiple building diffractions,” Electromagnetics, vol. 29 no. 4, pp. 303-320, 2009.
M. B. Tabakcioglu and A. Kara, “Improvements on slope diffraction for multiple wedges,” Electromagnetics, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 285-296, 2010.
M. B. Tabakcioglu, D. Ayberkin, and A. Cansiz, “Comparison and analyzing of propagation models with respect to material, environmental and wave properties,” ACES Journal, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 486- 491, 2014.
M. B. Tabakcioglu and A. Cansiz, “Application of S-UTD-CH model into multiple diffraction scenarios,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2013, pp. 1-5, 2013.
M. B. Tabakcioglu, “S-UTD-CH model in multiple diffractions,” International Journal of Electronics, vol. 103, no. 5, pp. 765-774, 2015.
R. J. Luebbers, “A heuristic UTD slope diffraction coefficient for rough lossy wedges,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 206-211, 1989.
D. A. McNamara, C. V. Pistorious, and J. A. G. Malherbe, Introduction to the Uniform Geometrical Theory of Diffraction. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1990.
K. Karousos and C. Tzaras, “Multi time-domain diffraction for UWB signals,” IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagation, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1420-1427, 2008.
G. Koutitas and C. Tzaras, “A slope UTD solution for a cascade of multishaped canonical objects,” IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagation, vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 2969-2976, 2008.
A. Tajvidy and A. Ghorbani, “A new uniform theory-of-diffraction-based model for the multiple building diffraction of spherical waves in microcell environments,” Electromagnetics, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 375-387, 2008.
O. M. Bucci, “The experimental validation of a technique to find the convex hull of scattering systems from field data,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Symposium, pp. 539-542, 2003.
H. K. Chung and H. L. Bertoni, “Application of isolated diffraction edge method for urban microwave path loss prediction,” IEEE Vehicular Tech. Conf., pp. 0205-209, 2003.
H. L. Bertoni, Radio Propagation for Modern Wireless Systems. Prentice Hall, 2000.
G. Liang and H. L. Bertoni, “A new approach to 3- D ray tracing for propagation prediction in cities,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 853-863, 1998.
O. Ozgun and L. Sevgi, “Comparative study of analytical and numerical techniques in modeling electromagnetic scattering from single and double knife-edge in 2D ground wave propagation problems,” ACES Journal, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 376- 388, 2012.
A. Skarlatos, R. Schuhmann, and T. Weiland, “Simulation of scattering problems in time domain using a hybrid FDTD UTD formulation,” The 19th Annual Review of Progress in Applied Computational Electromagnetics, 2003.
P. Persson, “Modeling conformal array antennas of various shapes using uniform theory of diffraction (UTD),” ACES Journal, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 305- 317, 2006.
G. Apaydin and L. Sevgi, “A novel wedge diffraction modeling using method of moments (MoM),” ACES Journal, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1053- 1058, 2015.
M. A. Uslu, G. Apaydın, and L. Sevgi, “Double tip diffraction modeling: Finite difference time domain vs. method of moments,” IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagat., vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 6337-6343, 2014.
O. Ozgun and L. Sevgi, “Double-tip diffraction modeling: Finite element modeling (FEM) vs. uniform theory of diffraction (UTD),” IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagat., vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 2686-2693, 2015.
