An ECC/DCT-Based Robust Video Steganography Algorithm for Secure Data Communication
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13052/2245-1439.531Keywords:
Video steganography, ECC, DCT, embedding efficiency, embedding payload, robustnessAbstract
Nowadays, the science of information hiding has gained tremendous significance due to advances in information and communication technology. The performance of any steganographic algorithm relies on the embedding efficiency, embedding payload, and robustness against attackers. Low hidden ratio, less security, and low quality of stego videos are the major issues of many existing steganographic methods. In this paper, we propose a novel video steganography method in discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain based on error correcting codes (ECC). To improve the security of the proposed algorithm, a secret message is first encrypted and encoded by using Hamming and BCH codes. Then, it is embedded into the DCT coefficients of video frames. The hidden message is embedded into DCT coefficients of each Y, U, and V planes excluding DC coefficients. The proposed algorithm is tested under two types of videos that contain slow and fast moving objects. The experiential results of the proposed algorithm are compared with three existing methods. The comparison results show that our proposed algorithm outperformed other algorithms. The hidden ratio of the proposed algorithm is approximately 27.53%, which is considered as a high hiding capacity with a minimal tradeoff of the visual quality. The robustness of the proposed algorithm was tested under different attacks.
Downloads
References
Mstafa, R. J. and Elleithy, K. M. (2016). A video steganography algorithm based on Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi tracking algorithm and error correcting codes. Multimed. Tools Appl. 75, 10311–10333.
Mstafa, R. J. and Elleithy, K. M. (2014). “A highly secure video steganography using Hamming code (7, 4),” in Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Long Island Systems, Applications and Technology Conference (LISAT), (New York, NY: IEEE), 1–6.
Muhammad, K., Sajjad, M., and Baik, S. W. (2016). Dual-level security based cyclic18 steganographic method and its application for secure transmission of keyframes during wireless capsule endoscopy. J. Med. Syst. 40, 1–16.
Muhammad, K., Sajjad, M., Mehmood, I., Rho, S., and Baik, S. W. (2016). Image steganography using uncorrelated color space and its application for security of visual contents in online social networks. Fut. Gen. Comput. Syst.
Jyun-Jie, W., Houshou, C., Chi-Yuan, L., and Ting-Ya, Y. (2012). “An embedding strategy for large payload using convolutional embedding codes,” in Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications (ITST), (New York, NY: IEEE), 365–369.
Zhang, R., Sachnev, V. and Kim, H. (2009). “Fast BCH syndrome coding for steganography,” in Information Hiding, eds S. Katzenbeisser and A.-R. Sadeghi, Vol. 5806 (Berlin: Springer), 2009, 48–58.
Mstafa, R. J. and Elleithy, K. M. (2015). “A high payload video steganography algorithm in DWT domain based on BCH codes (15, 11),” in Proceedings of the 2015 International IEEE Wireless Telecommunications Symposium, (New York, NY: IEEE), 1–8.
Abu-Marie, W., Gutub, A. and Abu-Mansour, H. (2010). Image based steganography using truth table based and determinate array on RGB indicator. Int. J. Signal Image Process. 1, 196–204.
Das, R. and Tuithung, T. (2012). “A novel steganography method for image based on Huffman Encoding,” in Proceedings of the 2012 3rd National Conference on Emerging Trends and Applications in Computer Science, (Piscataway, NJ: IEEE), 14–18.
Khan, A. and Malik, S. A. (2014). A high capacity reversible watermarking approach for authenticating images: exploiting down-sampling, histogram processing, and block selection. Inform. Sci. 256, 162–183.
Horng, S.-J., Rosiyadi, D., Fan, P., Wang, X., and Khan, M. K. (2014). An adaptive watermarking scheme for e-government document images. Multimed. Tools Appl. 72, 3085–3103.
Mstafa, R. J., and Elleithy, K. M. (2015). A new video steganography algorithm based on the multiple object tracking and hamming codes,” in Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 14th International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA), (Piscataway, NJ: IEEE), 335–340.
Mstafa, R. J. and Elleithy, K. M. (2016). “A novel video steganography algorithm in DCT domain based on hamming and BCH codes,” in Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 37th Sarnoff Symposium, (Newark, NJ: IEEE), 208–213.
Muhammad, K., Sajjad, M., Lee, M. Y., and Baik, S. W. (2017). Efficient visual attention driven framework for key frames extraction from hysteroscopy videos. Biomed. Signal Process. Control 33, 161–168.
Sajjad, M., Muhammad, K., Baik, S. W., Rho, S., Jan, Z., Yeo, S.-S., et al. (2016). Mobile-cloud assisted framework for selective encryption of medical images with steganography for resource-constrained devices. Multimed. Tools Appl. 1–18.
Mstafa, R. J. and Elleithy, K. M. (2016). Compressed and raw video steganography techniques: a comprehensive survey and analysis. Multimed. Tools Appl. 75, 10311–10333.
Shanableh, T. (2012). Data hiding in MPEG video files using multivariate regression and flexible macroblock ordering. Inform. For. Secur. IEEE Trans. 7, 455–464.
Kapotas, S. K. and Skodras, A. N. (2008). “A new data hiding scheme for scene change detection in H. 264 encoded video sequences,” in Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Hannover.
Xu, C., Ping, X., and Zhang, T. (2006). “Steganography in compressed video stream,” in Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Innovative Computing, Information and Control, (Beijing: IEEE), 269–272.
Huang, J., and Shi, Y. Q. (2002). Reliable information bit hiding. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. IEEE Trans. 12, 916–920.
Barni, M., Bartolini, F., and Checcacci, N. (2005). Watermarking of MPEG-4 video objects. Multimed. IEEE Trans. 7, 23–32.
Ke, N. and Weidong, Z. (2013). A video steganography scheme based on H. 264 bitstreams replaced, in Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS), Beijing, 447–450.
Muhammad, K., Sajjad, M., Mehmood, I., Rho, S., and Baik, S. (2015). A novel magic LSB substitution method (M-LSB-SM) using multi-level encryption and achromatic component of an image. Multimed. Tools Appl. 1–27.
Zhang, R., Sachnev, V., Botnan, M. B., Kim, H. J., and Heo, J. (2012). “An efficient embedder for BCH coding for Steganography,” Inf. Theory IEEE Trans. 58, 7272–7279.
Diop, I., Farss, S. M., Tall, K., Fall, P. A., Diouf, M. L., and Diop, A. K. (2014). Adaptive steganography scheme based on LDPC codes,” in Proceedings of the 2014 16th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), Pyeong Chang, 162–166.
Patel, K. Rora, K. K., Singh, K., and Verma, S. (2013). Lazy Wavelet Transform Based Steganography in Video,” in Proceedings of the Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT), International Conference, Delhi, 497–500.
Jain, A. K. (1989). Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Pennebaker, W. B. and Mitchell, J. L. (1992). JPEG: Still Image Data Compression Standard: Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
Pan, F., Xiang, L., Yang, X.-Y., and Guo, Y. (2010). “Video steganography using motion vector and linear block codes,” in Proceedings of the Software Engineering and Service Sciences (ICSESS), IEEE International Conference, Beijing, 592–595.
Jue, W., Min-Qing, Z., and Juan-Li, S. (2011). “Video steganography using motion vector components,” in Communication Software and Networks (ICCSN), 2011 IEEE 3rd International Conference, Xi’an, 500–503.
Li, G., Ito, Y., Yu, X., Nitta, N., and Babaguchi, N. (2009). Recoverable privacy protection for video content distribution. EURASIP J. Inf. Secur. 2009, 4.
Li, Y., Chen, H.-X., and Zhao, Y. (2010). “A new method of data hiding based on H. 264 encoded video sequences,” in Proceedings of the Signal Processing (ICSP), 2010 IEEE 10th International Conference, Beijing, 1833–1836.
Mobasseri, B. G. and Marcinak, M. P. (2005). “Watermarking of MPEG-2 video in compressed domain using VLC mapping,” in Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Multimedia and Security, New York, NY, 91–94.
Wang, R., Hu, L., and Xu, D. (2011). A watermarking algorithm based on the CABAC entropy coding for H.264/AVC. J. Comput. Inform. Syst., 7, 2132–2141.
Cheddad, A., Condell, J., Curran, K., and Mc Kevitt, P. (2009). A skin tone detection algorithm for an adaptive approach to steganography. Signal Process. 89, 2465–2478.
Alavianmehr, M. A., Rezaei, M., Helfroush, M. S., and Tashk, A. (2012). A lossless data hiding scheme on video raw data robust against H.264/AVC compression,” in Proceedings of the 2012 2nd International eConference on Computer and Knowledge Engineering (ICCKE), Hingham, MA, 194–198.
Hu, S. and KinTak, U. (2011). “A Novel Video Steganography based on Non-uniform Rectangular Partition,” in Proceedings of the Computational Science and Engineering (CSE), 2011 IEEE 14th International Conference, Washington, DC, 57–61.
Sun, S. (2015). A new information hiding method based on improved BPCS steganography. Adv. Multimed. 2015, 7.
Spaulding, J., Noda, H., Shirazi, M. N., and Kawaguchi, E. (2002). BPCS steganography using EZW lossy compressed images. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 23, 1579–1587.
Hoyoung, Y., Jaehwan, J., Jihyuck, J., and In-Cheol, P. (2013). Area-Efficient Multimode Encoding Architecture for Long BCH Codes. IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. 60, 872–876.
Mstafa, R. J. and Elleithy, K. M. (2015). “An efficient video steganography algorithm based on BCH codes,” in American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE Zone 1) Conference, Boston, MA, 1–10.
Mstafa, R. J. and Elleithy, K. M. (2015). “A novel video steganography algorithm in the wavelet domain based on the KLT tracking algorithm and BCH codes,” in Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Long Island Systems, Applications and Technology Conference (LISAT), New York, NY, 1–7.
He, Y., Yang, G., and Zhu, N. (2012). “A real-time dual watermarking algorithm of H.264/AVC video stream for Video-on-Demand service,” AEU Int. J. Elect. Commun. 66, 305–312.
